BALRAM GARG VS SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA

Landmark Cases of India / सुप्रीम कोर्ट के ऐतिहासिक फैसले

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO.7054 OF 2021

BALRAM GARG …..APPELLANT

VERSUS

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA

……RESPONDENT

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO.7590 OF 2021

MS. SHIVANI GUPTA & ORS. …..APPELLANTS

VERSUS

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA

……RESPONDENT

J U D G M E N T

Vineet Saran, J.

1. The present Civil Appeals arise out of a common judgement and

order dated 21.10.2021 passed by the Securities Appellate

Tribunal (for short “SAT”), wherein the Tribunal dismissed the

Appeals No.375 and 376 of 2021 filed by the Appellants herein

and upheld the order dated 11.05.2021 passed by the Whole Time

Member (for short “WTM”) of Securities and Exchange Board of

India (for short “SEBI”)

2. Brief facts relevant for the purpose of the present appeals are that

P. Chand Jeweller Pvt. Ltd. was incorporated on April 13, 2005

under the Companies Act, 1956 as a Private Limited Company.

However, pursuant to a resolution passed by the shareholders on

July 5, 2011, the company was converted into a Public Limited

Company, following which the name of the company was changed

to “PC Jeweller Ltd.” (for short “PCJ”) and a fresh certificate of

incorporation was issued.

3. The genesis of the present dispute is rooted in the action of

Respondent/SEBI against the appellants vide an impounding

order dated 17.12.2019 and a showcause notice dated

24.04.2020. The crux of the allegations of the impounding order

and the showcause notice are as follows:

i. Padam Chand Gupta (P.C. Gupta) was the Chairman

of PCJ during the relevant period and was a

“connected person” in terms of Regulation 2(1)(d)(i)

and an “insider” under Regulation 2(1)(g) of the SEBI

(Prevention of Insider Trading Regulations), 2015 (for

short “PIT Regulations”).

ii. Balram Garg, who is the brother of P.C. Gupta and the

Managing Director of PCJ is also a “connected person”

in terms of Regulation 2(1)(d)(i) and an “insider” under

Regulation 2(1)(g) of the PIT Regulations.

iii. That allegedly, the appellants in C.A. No.7590/2021,

namely, Sachin Gupta, Smt. Shivani Gupta and Amit

Garg traded on the basis of Unpublished Price

Sensitive Information (for short “UPSI”) received by

them on account of their alleged proximity to P.C.

Gupta and Balram Garg between the period from

01.04.2018 to 31.07.2018.

iv. The above proximity was alleged on the basis of the

fact that Sachin Gupta and Smt. Shivani Gupta are

the son and daughterinlaw of Balram Garg’s

deceased brother late P.C. Gupta. Moreover, Amit Garg

is the son of Amar Garg, who was also the brother of

Balram Garg. It was also alleged that all the appellants

shared the same residence.

4. Balram Garg, the appellant in C.A. No.7054/2021, filed his reply

(dated 07.08.2020) to the allegations made against him, wherein

he stated the following:

i. That the foundational facts were not there to prove or

raise the alleged presumption. SEBI failed to place on

record any material to prove that the appellants in

C.A. No.7590/2021 were “connected persons” to Mr.

Balram Garg as required by Regulation 2(1)(d)(ii)(a)

read with Regulation 2(1)(f) of the PIT Regulations, as

none of the appellants C.A. No.7590/2021 were

financially dependent on Balram Garg or consulted

Balram Garg in any decision related to trading in

securities. Presumption is a rule of evidence which

cannot be drawn unless and until such foundational

facts are proved.

ii. That no material was brought on record to prima facie

show any transfer of information to the appellants in

C.A. No.7590 of 2021

iii. That merely being a family/relative cannot by itself be

a ground for the offence of insider trading, especially

when in furtherance of a family agreement, the family

was partitioned in 2011 and there had been no

connection between them ever since.

iv. Moreover, Sachin Gupta resigned from the post of

President (Gold Manufacturing) held by him in the

company on 31.03.2015 pursuant to the family

partition. Since then, neither Sachin Gupta nor his

wife Mrs. Shivani Gupta had anything to do with the

business of the PCJ.

5. After granting an opportunity of personal hearing to the appellant

on 24.12.2020, the Whole Time Member of SEBI passed final

order dated 11.05.2021, imposing a penalty of Rs.20 lakhs on the

Appellants along with restraining the appellants from accessing

the securities market and buying, selling or dealing in securities,

either directly or indirectly, in any manner for a period of 1 year

from the date of the order and also restrained the appellants from

dealing with the scrip of PCJ for a period of 2 years.

6. Aggrieved by the order of the WTM of SEBI, the Appellants filed

appeals before the SAT. The Tribunal, vide its common

judgement and order dated 21.10.2021, dismissed the Appeals

preferred by the Appellants and held that:

“Upon hearing both the sides, in our view, the

reasoning of the Ld. WTM cannot be faulted with.

The facts as highlighted by the Ld. WTM would

show that though there was a family arrangement

within the family on two occasions, there was no

estrangement, as can be seen from the facts

highlighted by the Ld. WTM (supra). Additionally,

in our view, the very fact that appellant Shivani

had authorized her cousin brotherinlaw i.e.

appellant Amit to trade on her behalf, would belie

the case of the appellants that family settlements

means family estrangement. It cannot be gainsaid

that the appellants are residing at the same

address and even appellant Mr. Balram Garg’s

address is ‘the front side’ of the premise. The

trading pattern of the concerned appellant i.e.

withholding of the selling of trade once buy back

talk started within the company and again selling

spree the shares by them once the buy back offer

was made public till the rejection of the proposal by

the State Bank of India was made known to the

public, would clearly show that the concerned

appellants were aware of both the UPSI.

It is true that there is no direct evidence as to who

had disseminated this insider information to the

appellants in Appeal no. 376 of 2021. Late Shri

Padam Chand Gupta was the father of the

appellant Mr. Sachin Gupta and fatherinlaw of

the appellant Ms. Shivani Gupta and uncle of

appellant Mr. Amit Garg. Similarly, appellant Mr.

Balram Garg is the uncle of appellant Mr. Sachin

Gupta and appellant Mr. Amit Garg. All of them

were residing in the same address. Appellant Mr.

Sachin Gupta had financial transactions with the

company of which appellant Mr. Balram Garg was

Managing Director. Considering all of the above

facts, on preponderance of probability, it can very

well be concluded that Late Padam Chand as well

as appellant Mr. Balram disseminated both UPSI to

the appellants in appeal no. 376 of 2021.”

7. Aggrieved by the above order of the SAT dated 21.10.2021, the

appellants filed the present appeals (C.A. No.7054/2021 by

Balram Garg and C.A. No.7590/2021 by Mrs. Shivani Gupta,

Sachin Gupta, Amit Garg and Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd.) under

section 15Z of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act,

1992. Since, P.C. Gupta expired in January 2019 after the

notices were issued, hence the case was dropped as against him.

8. Mr. Dhruv Mehta, learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant

Balram Garg (in C.A. No.7054 of 2021) has submitted that the

WTM has held that the appellants no.1 to 3 in C.A. No.7590 of

2021, namely, Mrs. Shivani Gupta, Sachin Gupta and Amit Garg

(also referred to as Noticee no.1 to 3 in the showcause notices)

were not “connected persons” or “immediate relatives” qua the

appellant Balram Garg and that this finding of the WTM has

become final. It was further submitted that the appellant Mr.

Balram Garg was found to have violated only Regulation 3 of PIT

Regulations, 2015 and that unlike Regulation 4(2) of PIT

Regulations, there is no provision to raise any presumption under

the said Regulation 3.

9. It was also contented that to prove the violation of Regulation 3 of

PIT Regulations, the burden of proof was on SEBI to establish any

“communication” of UPSI by placing on record cogent evidence

viz. call details, emails, witnesses etc. It was submitted that the

Respondent in this case has failed to place any such evidence on

record. Moreover, it was submitted that the presumption against

“immediate relative” is provided in the Regulations to ensure that

relatives who are financially or otherwise under the complete

control of a connected person are not used for insider trading.

However, in this case, no such possibility existed in relation to the

appellant Mr. Balram Garg and the other appellants in C.A.

No.7590 of 2021, namely, Mrs. Shivani Gupta, Sachin Gupta and

Amit Garg.

10. The learned Senior Counsel further contented that the reliance of

the respondent on the transactions between appellant Sachin

Gupta and the Company (PCJ) is against the principles of natural

justice as these allegations were not part of the show cause

notices. It was also submitted that the name of the appellant

Balram Garg has been used interchangeably with that of late

P.C.Gupta and there is no material on record for the WTM and the

SAT to arrive at the finding that both late P.C.Gupta and the

appellant Balram Garg communicated the UPSI to the appellants

in C.A. No.7590 of 2021.

11. Mr. V. Giri, learned Senior Counsel for the appellants in C.A.

No.7590 of 2021, namely, Mrs. Shivani Gupta, Sachin Gupta,

Amit Garg and Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd., has contended that the

entire case of insider trading is set up against these appellants

only on the basis of the close relationship between the parties.

However, he submitted that the appellants have placed sufficient

material on record to demonstrate that there was a complete

breakdown of ties between the parties, both at personal and

professional level and that the said estrangement was much prior

to the UPSI having coming into existence.

12. The learned Senior Counsel has further contented that even

assuming that the appellants have not been able to demonstrate a

complete breakdown of ties between the parties, it was not open

for the SAT to turn the Statute on its head by reversing the

burden of proof on the appellants by conveniently ignoring the

fact that the onus was actually on SEBI to prove that the

appellants were in possession or having access to UPSI.

13. It was also contended that the charges against the appellants in

C.A. No.7590 of 2021 have been sustained solely on the basis of

circumstantial evidence viz. trading patterns and timing of trades

by the appellants. Moreover, it was not open to the WTM and SAT

to hold the appellants guilty of the offence of insider trading in the

absence of any other concrete evidence as SEBI failed to produce

such evidence. The learned Senior Counsel also emphasized on

the fact that the charges against the appellants that they were

“connected persons” within the meaning of Regulation 2(1)(d) of

the PIT Regulations was expressly rejected by the WTM and that

the burden of proving that the appellants are “insiders” by

invoking Regulation 2(1)(g)(ii) of PIT Regulations was completely

upon the SEBI and that they failed to discharge this burden.

14. Per contra, Mr. Arvind Datar, learned Senior Counsel for the

Respondent has submitted that on April 25, 2018, PCJ initiated

discussions regarding buyback of fully paid up equity shares. On

10.05.2018, pursuant to the discussion and approval by the

Board, the company, after market hours, informed the stock

exchange of their offer of buyback of 1,21,14,285 fully paid up

equity shares of Rs. 10/ each at a price of Rs. 350/ per equity

share. As before this date, the information about buyback was

not disclosed, and since the information pertained to change in

capital structure of the company, this information qualified as

Unpublished Price Sensitive Information1 (for short “UPSI1”).

Accordingly, the period from April 25, 2018 to May 10, 2018 has

been taken as the period of UPSI1.

15. It was further submitted that on July 7, 2018, the lead Banker of

PCJ, State Bank of India (for short “SBI”), refused to give No

Objection Certificate (for short “NOC”) for the buyback of equity

shares. Hence, on July 13,2018, the Board approved the

withdrawal of the buyback offer and the same was informed to

the Exchanges after market hours. It was submitted that this

information has been considered as Unpublished Price Sensitive

Information2 (for short “UPSI2”) as the same was likely to

materially affect the price of the shares of the company. Moreover,

the information pertaining to proposed buyback of equity shares

of the company came into existence on July 7, 2018 and became

public on July 13, 2018. Accordingly, the period from July 7,

2018 to July 13, 2018 has been taken as period of UPSI2.

16. It has been contended that appellant Balram Garg contravened

Regulation 3(1) of the PIT Regulations and Section 12A(c) of the

SEBI Act,1992, by communicating the UPSI to the appellants in

C.A. No.7590 of 2021, by being an “insider” and “connected

person” within the meaning of PIT Regulations, and by being privy

to discussions and communications pertaining to buyback and

withdrawal of equity shares. Additionally, by virtue of being the

Managing Director (MD) of the PCJ, Balram Garg was in

possession of UPSI1 and UPSI2.

17. Mr. Datar has contended that during the period 02.04.2018 to

31.07.2018, trades were executed by Appellants in C.A. No.7590

of 2021 while in possession of UPSI and that they made unlawful

gains and avoided losses. Trades were executed from the trading

account of Mrs. Shivani Gupta from 02.04.2018 and continued till

24.04.2018. No trades were undertaken in May and June 2018

and then sell trades were undertaken from July 6, 2018 till July

13, 2018 i.e. during UPSI2. Appellant Mrs. Shivani Gupta had

100% concentration in the scrip of PCJ and these trades were

executed by Mrs. Shivani Gupta, Sachin Gupta and Amit Garg,

i.e. Appellant No. 1,2, and 3 respectively in C.A. No.7590 of 2021.

18. The learned Senior Counsel further contented that the Appellant

No. 4 (in C.A. No.7590 of 2021) i.e. Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd,

took short position on 13.07.2018 i.e. just before information

pertaining to withdrawal was communicated to the Exchanges. It

is submitted that such short positions were taken in anticipation

of a price fall. Appellant Amit Garg and his wife are 100%

shareholders of Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd., hence they, through

the trades executed from the account of Quick Developers Pvt.

Ltd., avoided losses and also made profit.

19. In the context of the family settlement, learned Senior Counsel

has contended that such a settlement, at best, was an internal

division and does not imply that all ties between the family

members were severed or that relationship of appellant Balram

Garg with appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 was estranged. It

was further argued that the appellants did not cease to have

association with each other, which is established by the following

facts:

i. Sachin Gupta continued to have business transactions

with PCJ. PCJ even paid rent to Sachin Gupta to the

tune of Rs.4 lakhs for Financial Year 201516, Rs.77

lakhs for the Financial Year 201617 and Rs.78 lakhs

for the financial Year 201718.

ii. Sachin Gupta was the nominee of the Demat Account

of late P.C. Gupta and after his death, the holdings of

P.C. Gupta in the company were held by Sachin

Gupta. Hence, it cannot be said that the father and

son relationship was estranged.

iii. Appellant Balram Garg and the Appellants No. 1,2,

and 3 in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 i.e. Mrs. Shivani Gupta,

Sachin Gupta and Amit Garg share the same

residential address.

20. Reliance was placed on the SAT order in Utsav Pathak vs. SEBI

(order dated 12.07.2020 in Appeal No. 430 of 2019) wherein

the SAT had laid down the following ratio by relying upon the

judgement of this court in SEBI vs. Kishore R. Ajmera [(2016) 6

SCC 368] and US District Court’s order in United States of

America vs. Raj Rajaratnam and Danielle Chiesi [09 Cr 1184

(RJH)]:

“From the aforesaid foundational facts, the

circumstantial evidence or on a preponderance of

probability by a logical process of reasoning from

the totality of the attending facts and

circumstances as stated aforesaid, an irresistible

inference can be drawn that the appellant had

passed on the price sensitive information regarding

the open offer to the Tippees. Such inference taken

from the immediate and proximate facts and

circumstances surrounding the events is

reasonable and logical which any prudent man

would arrive at such a conclusion. The Supreme

Court in Kanhaiyalal Patel (supra) held that an

inferential conclusion from proved and admitted

facts would be permissible and legally justified so

long as the same is reasonable.”

The learned Senior Counsel also submitted that the

abovementioned proposition has been followed by the SAT in

Navin Kumar Tayal & Anr. Vs SEBI in order dated 02.08.2021

in Appeal No. 08 of 2018.

21. Mr. Datar concluded his submissions by stating that the close

relationship of the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 with the

appellant Balram Garg, especially in view of the trading pattern

makes it abundantly clear that the appellants Mrs. Shivani

Gupta, Sachin Gupta and Amit Garg were in possession of UPSI1

& 2, who could not have got it from anywhere else except Balram

Garg, who by virtue of being the MD of the company, possessed

the crucial UPSI.

22. For ready reference, the relevant provisions of the concerned Acts

and Regulations are extracted below:

Section 11(2)(g) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India

Act, 1992

“11. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, it shall

be the duty of the Board to protect the interests of

investors in securities and to promote the

development of, and to regulate the securities

market, by such measures as it thinks fit.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the

foregoing provisions, the measures referred to

therein may provide for—

(a)...

(b)...

(c)...

(d)...

(e)...

(f)...

(g) prohibiting insider trading in securities;

(h)…

………….

………….”

Section 11(4) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India

Act, 1992

“[(4) Without prejudice to the provisions contained

in subsections (1), (2), (2A) and (3) and section

11B, the Board may, by an order, for reasons to be

recorded in writing, in the interests of investors or

securities market, take any of the following

measures, either pending investigation or inquiry

or on completion of such investigation or inquiry,

namely:—

(a) suspend the trading of any security in a

recognised stock exchange;

(b) restrain persons from accessing the securities

market and prohibit any person associated

with securities market to buy, sell or deal in

securities;

exchange or selfregulatory organisation from

holding such position;

(d) impound and retain the proceeds or securities in

respect of any transaction which is under

investigation;

(e) attach, after passing of an order on an

application made for approval by the Judicial

Magistrate of the first class having jurisdiction, for

a period not exceeding one month, one or more

bank account or accounts of any intermediary or

any person associated with the securities market

in any manner involved in violation of any of the

provisions of this Act, or the rules or the regulations

made thereunder:

Provided that only the bank account or accounts or

any transaction entered therein, so far as it relates to

the proceeds actually involved in violation of any of the

provisions of this Act, or the rules or the regulations

made thereunder shall be allowed to be attached;

(f) direct any intermediary or any person

associated with the securities market in any

manner not to dispose of or alienate an asset

forming part of any transaction which is under

investigation:

Provided that the Board may, without prejudice to the

provisions contained in subsection (2) or subsection

(2A), take any of the measures specified in clause (d) or

clause (e) or clause (f), in respect of any listed public

company or a public company (not being intermediaries

referred to in section 12) which intends to get its

securities listed on any recognised stock exchange

where the Board has reasonable grounds to believe

that such company has been indulging in insider

trading or fraudulent and unfair trade practices

relating to securities market.

Provided further that the Board shall, either before or

after passing such orders, give an opportunity of

hearing to such intermediaries or persons concerned.]”

(emphasis supplied)

Section 12A of the Securities and Exchange Board of India

Act, 1992

“Prohibition of manipulative and deceptive devices,

insider trading and substantial acquisition of

securities or control.

12A. No person shall directly or indirectly—

(a) use or employ, in connection with the issue,

purchase or sale of any securities listed or

proposed to be listed on a recognized stock

exchange, any manipulative or deceptive device or

contrivance in contravention of the provisions of

this Act or the rules or the regulations made

thereunder;

(b) employ any device, scheme or artifice to

defraud in connection with issue or dealing in

securities which are listed or proposed to be listed

on a recognised stock exchange;

which operates or would operate as fraud or deceit

upon any person, in connection with the issue,

dealing in securities which are listed or proposed to

be listed on a recognised stock exchange, in

contravention of the provisions of this Act or the

rules or the regulations made thereunder;

(d) engage in insider trading;

(e) deal in securities while in possession of

material or nonpublic information or communicate

such material or nonpublic information to any

other person, in a manner which is in contravention

of the provisions of this Act or the rules or the

regulations made thereunder;

(f) acquire control of any company or securities

more than the percentage of equity share capital of

a company whose securities are listed or proposed

to be listed on a recognised stock exchange in

contravention of the regulations made under this

Act.]”

(emphasis supplied)

Section 15G of the Securities and Exchange Board of India

Act, 1992

“Penalty for insider trading.

15G.If any insider who,—

(i) either on his own behalf or on behalf of any

other person, deals in securities of a body

corporate listed on any stock exchange on the

basis of any unpublished pricesensitive

information; or

(ii) communicates any unpublished pricesensitive

information to any person, with or without his

request for such information except as required in

the ordinary course of business or under any law;

(iii) counsels, or procures for any other person to

deal in any securities of any body corporate on the

basis of unpublished pricesensitive information,

shall be liable to a penalty 81[which shall not be less

than ten lakh rupees but which may extend to twentyfive crore rupees or three times the amount of profits

made out of insider trading, whichever is higher].”

(emphasis supplied)

Securities and Exchange Board of India (Prohibition of Insider

Trading) Regulations, 2015

Definitions.

2. (1) In these regulations, unless the context

otherwise requires, the following words,

expressions and derivations therefrom shall have

the meanings assigned to them as under:–

(a) “Act” means the Securities and Exchange

Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);

(b) “Board” means the Securities and Exchange

Board of India;

officer, designated so and reporting to the

board of directors or head of the organization

in case board is not there, who is financially

literate and is capable of appreciating

requirements for legal and regulatory

compliance under these regulations and

who shall be responsible for compliance of

policies, procedures, maintenance of records,

monitoring adherence to the rules for the

preservation of unpublished price sensitive

information, monitoring of trades and the

implementation of the codes specified in

these regulations under the overall

supervision of the board of directors of the

listed company or the head of an

organization, as the case may be.

(d) "connected person" means,

(i) any person who is or has during the six

months prior to the concerned act been

associated with a company, directly or

indirectly, in any capacity including by

reason of frequent communication with its

officers or by being in any contractual,

fiduciary or employment relationship or by

being a director, officer or an employee of

the company or holds any position

including a professional or business

relationship between himself and the

company whether temporary or

permanent, that allows such person,

directly or indirectly, access to

unpublished price sensitive information or

is reasonably expected to allow such

access.

(ii) Without prejudice to the generality of

the foregoing, the persons falling within

the following categories shall be deemed to

be connected persons unless the contrary

is established,

(a) an immediate relative of connected

persons specified in clause (i); or

(b) a holding company or associate

company or subsidiary company; or

12 of the Act or an employee or director

thereof; or

(d)an investment company, trustee company,

asset management company or an

employee or director thereof; or

(e) an official of a stock exchange or of

clearing house or corporation; or

(f) a member of board of trustees of a

mutual fund or a member of the board of

directors of the asset management

company of a mutual fund or is an

employee thereof; or

(g) a member of the board of directors or

an employee, of a public financial

institution as defined in section 2 (72) of

the Companies Act, 2013; or

(h)an official or an employee of a selfregulatory organization recognised or

authorized by the Board; or

(i) a banker of the company; or

(j) a concern, firm, trust, Hindu undivided

family, company or association of persons

wherein a director of a company or his

immediate relative or banker of the

company, has more than ten per cent. of

the holding or interest;

NOTE:It is intended that a connected person is

one who has a connection with the company that

is expected to put him in possession of unpublished

price sensitive information. Immediate relatives

and other categories of persons specified above are

also presumed to be connected persons but such a

presumption is a deeming legal fiction and is

rebuttable. This definition is also intended to bring

into its ambit persons who may not seemingly

occupy any position in a company but are in

regular touch with the company and its officers

and are involved in the know of the company’s

operations. It is intended to bring within its ambit

those who would have access to or could access

unpublished price sensitive information about any

company or class of companies by virtue of any

connection that would put them in possession of

unpublished price sensitive information.

(e) "generally available information" means

information that is accessible to the public on

a nondiscriminatory basis;

NOTE:It is intended to define what constitutes

generally available information so that it is easier

to crystallize and appreciate what unpublished

price sensitive information is. Information

published on the website of a stock exchange,

would ordinarily be considered generally available.

(f) “immediate relative” means a spouse of a

person, and includes parent, sibling, and

child of such person or of the spouse, any of

whom is either dependent financially on

such person, or consults such person in

taking decisions relating to trading in

securities;

NOTE:It is intended that the immediate relatives of

a “connected person” too become connected

persons for purposes of these regulations. Indeed,

this is a rebuttable presumption.

(g) "insider" means any person who is:

(i) a connected person; or

(ii) in possession of or having access to

unpublished price sensitive

information;

NOTE:Since “generally available information” is

defined, it is intended that anyone in possession of

or having access to unpublished price sensitive

information should be considered an “insider”

regardless of how one came in possession of or

had access to such information. Various

circumstances are provided for such a person to

demonstrate that he has not indulged in insider

trading. Therefore, this definition is intended to

bring within its reach any person who is in receipt

of or has access to unpublished price sensitive

information. The onus of showing that a certain

person was in possession of or had access to

unpublished price sensitive information at the time

of trading would, therefore, be on the person

leveling the charge after which the person who has

traded when in possession of or having access to

unpublished price sensitive information may

demonstrate that he was not in such possession or

that he has not traded or or he could not access or

that his trading when in possession of such

information was squarely covered by the

exonerating circumstances.

(h) "promoter"…………………………………

(i) “securities”………………………………...

(j) “specified”………………………………….

(k) “takeover regulations” ………………….

(l) "trading" means and includes subscribing,

buying, selling, dealing, or agreeing to

subscribe, buy, sell, deal in any securities,

and "trade" shall be construed accordingly;

NOTE:Under the parliamentary mandate, since the

Section 12A (e) and Section 15G of the Act employs

the term 'dealing in securities', it is intended to

widely define the term “trading” to include dealing.

Such a construction is intended to curb the

activities based on unpublished price sensitive

information which are strictly not buying, selling or

subscribing, such as pledging etc when in

possession of unpublished price sensitive

information.

(m)“trading day” ……………………………

(n) "unpublished price sensitive

information" means any information,

relating to a company or its securities,

directly or indirectly, that is not generally

available which upon becoming generally

available, is likely to materially affect the

price of the securities and shall, ordinarily

including but not restricted to, information

relating to the following: –

(i) financial results;

(ii) dividends;

(iii) change in capital structure;

(iv) mergers, demergers, acquisitions,

delistings, disposals and expansion

of business and such other

transactions;

(v) changes in key managerial

personnel.

(vi) material events in accordance with

the listing agreement

NOTE: It is intended that information relating to a

company or securities, that is not generally

available would be unpublished price sensitive

information if it is likely to materially affect the

price upon coming into the public domain. The

types of matters that would ordinarily give rise to

unpublished price sensitive information have been

listed above to give illustrative guidance of

unpublished price sensitive information.

(2) Words and expressions used and not defined

in these regulations but defined in the Securities

and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of

1992), the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act,

1956 (42 of 1956), the Depositories Act, 1996 (22

of 1996) or the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013)

and rules and regulations made thereunder shall

have the meanings respectively assigned to them

in those legislation.

CHAPTER – II

RESTRICTIONS ON COMMUNICATION AND

TRADING BY INSIDERS

Communication or procurement of

unpublished price sensitive information.

3. (1) No insider shall communicate, provide, or

allow access to any unpublished price sensitive

information, relating to a company or securities

listed or proposed to be listed, to any person

including other insiders except where such

communication is in furtherance of legitimate

purposes, performance of duties or discharge of

legal obligations.

NOTE:This provision is intended to cast an

obligation on all insiders who are essentially

persons in possession of unpublished price

sensitive information to handle such information

with care and to deal with the information with

them when transacting their business strictly on a

needtoknow basis. It is also intended to lead to

organisations developing practices based on needtoknow principles for treatment of information in

their possession.

(2) No person shall procure from or cause the

communication by any insider of unpublished price

sensitive information, relating to a company or

securities listed or proposed to be listed, except in

furtherance of legitimate purposes, performance of

duties or discharge of legal obligations.

NOTE:This provision is intended to impose a

prohibition on unlawfully procuring possession of

unpublished price sensitive information.

Inducement and procurement of unpublished price

sensitive information not in furtherance of one’s

legitimate duties and discharge of obligations

would be illegal under this provision.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in this

regulation, an unpublished price sensitive

information may be communicated, provided,

allowed access to or procured, in connection with a

transaction that would:–

(i) entail an obligation to make an open offer

under the takeover regulations where the

board of directors of the 9[listed] company

is of informed opinion that 10[sharing of

such information] is in the best interests of

the company;

NOTE:It is intended to acknowledge the necessity

of communicating, providing, allowing access to or

procuring UPSI for substantial transactions such as

takeovers, mergers and acquisitions involving

trading in securities and change of control to

assess a potential investment. In an open offer

under the takeover regulations, not only would the

same price be made available to all shareholders

of the company but also all information necessary

to enable an informed divestment or retention

decision by the public shareholders is required to

be made available to all shareholders in the letter

of offer under those regulations.

(ii) not attract the obligation to make an open

offer under the takeover regulations but

where the board of directors of the

11[listed] company is of informed opinion

12[that sharing of such information] is in

the best interests of the company and the

information that constitute unpublished

price sensitive information is disseminated

to be made generally available at least

two trading days prior to the proposed

transaction being effected in such form as

the board of directors may determine 13[to

be adequate and fair to cover all relevant

and material facts].

NOTE:It is intended to permit communicating,

providing, allowing access to or procuring UPSI

also in transactions that do not entail an open offer

obligation under the takeover regulations 14[when

authorised by the board of directors if sharing of

such information] is in the best interests of the

company. The board of directors, however, would

cause public disclosures of such unpublished price

sensitive information well before the proposed

transaction to rule out any information asymmetry

in the market.

(4) For purposes of subregulation (3), the board of

directors shall require the parties to execute

agreements to contract confidentiality and nondisclosure obligations on the part of such parties

and such parties shall keep information so received

confidential, except for the purpose of subregulation (3), and shall not otherwise trade in

securities of the company when in possession of

unpublished price sensitive information.

Trading when in possession of unpublished

price sensitive information.

4. (1) No insider shall trade in securities that are

listed or proposed to be listed on a stock exchange

when in possession of unpublished price sensitive

information:

Provided that the insider may prove his innocence

by demonstrating the circumstances including the

following: –

(i) the transaction is an offmarket interse

transfer between 18[insiders] who were in

possession of the same unpublished price

sensitive information without being in

breach of regulation 3 and both parties

had made a conscious and informed trade

decision.

(ii) in the case of nonindividual insiders:

a. the individuals who were in possession

of such unpublished price sensitive

information were different from the

individuals taking trading decisions

and such decisionmaking individuals

were not in possession of such

unpublished price sensitive

information when they took the

decision to trade; and

b. appropriate and adequate

arrangements were in place to ensure

that these regulations are not violated

and no unpublished price sensitive

information was communicated by the

individuals possessing the information

to the individuals taking trading

decisions and there is no evidence of

such arrangements having been

breached;

(iii) the trades were pursuant to a trading

plan set up in accordance with regulation

NOTE: When a person who has traded in

securities has been in possession of unpublished

price sensitive information, his trades would be

presumed to have been motivated by the

knowledge and awareness of such information in

his possession. The reasons for which he trades or

the purposes to which he applies the proceeds of

the transactions are not intended to be relevant for

determining whether a person has violated the

regulation. He traded when in possession of

unpublished price sensitive information is what

would need to be demonstrated at the outset to

bring a charge. Once this is established, it would

be open to the insider to prove his innocence by

demonstrating the circumstances mentioned in the

proviso, failing which he would have violated the

prohibition.

(2) In the case of connected persons the onus of

establishing, that they were not in possession of

unpublished price sensitive information, shall be on

such connected persons and in other cases, the

onus would be on the Board.

(3) The Board may specify such standards and

requirements, from time to time, as it may deem

necessary for the purpose of these regulations.

23. We have heard learned counsel for the parties at length and have

carefully perused the record.

24. The submission of the Respondent that appellant Balram Garg

contravened Regulation 3(1) of the PIT Regulations and section

12A(c) of the SEBI Act, by communicating the UPSI to the

appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021, being an “insider” and

“connected person” within the meaning of PIT Regulations is not

worthy of acceptance. The Securities Appellate Tribunal has erred

in upholding the order of the Whole Time Member of SEBI as it

has failed to independently assess the evidence and material on

record while exercising its jurisdiction as the first appellate court.

As reiterated by this Court in a catena of judgements, it is the

duty of the first court of appeal to deal with all the issues and

evidence led by the parties on both, the questions of law as well

as questions of fact and then decide the issue by providing

adequate reasons for its findings. Unfortunately, the SAT failed to

apply its mind on the issues raised by the parties and routinely

affirmed the findings of the WTM without dealing with the issues

at hand. In this context, this Court has held in H.K.N. Swami v.

Irshad Basith [(2005) 10 SCC 243] that:

“The first appeal has to be decided on facts as well

as on law. In the first appeal parties have the right

to be heard both on questions of law as also on

facts and the first appellate court is required to

address itself to all issues and decide the case by

giving reasons. Unfortunately, the High Court, in

the present case has not recorded any finding

either on facts or on law. Sitting as the first

appellate court it was the duty of the High Court to

deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the

parties before recording the finding regarding title.”

The above position was reiterated by this Court in UPSRTC vs

Mamta [(2016) 4 SCC 172].

25. The SAT again fell in error when in spite of observing that there is

no direct evidence which suggests as to who had disseminated the

insider information to the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021, it

concluded on mere “preponderance of probability” that it was late

P.C. Gupta as well as appellant Balram Garg who disseminated

both UPSI to the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021.

26. Importantly, the WTM arrived at the finding that the appellants in

C.A. No.7590 of 2021, namely, Mrs. Shivani Gupta, Sachin

Gupta, Amit Garg and Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd. were not

“connected persons” qua the appellant Balram Garg. The WTM

held that:

“I also note that it is not the case in the SCN that

Noticee no.1, 2 and 3 were in any contractual,

fiduciary or employment relationship with the

company, or were the director or officer of the

company, during the past 6 months of the alleged

act of insider trading. Noticee No. 1 and 2 seem to

be in the employment of the company but that was

way back in 2015. I also note that the SCN has

also not identified that Noticee no. 1,2,3 or 4 had

any professional or business relationship with the

company, that allows the said Noticees, directly or

indirectly, access to unpublished price sensitive

information. In view of the above, I find that

Noticee no. 1,2,3 and 4 cannot be treated as

‘connected persons’ in terms of Reg. 2(1)(d)(i) of PIT

Regulations, 2015.”

[emphasis supplied]

27. In our opinion, two important findings of the WTM and SAT need

to be reexamined by this Court to adequately decide the present

set of appeals. Firstly, Whether the WTM and SAT rightly rejected

the claim of estrangement of the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of

2021, namely, Mrs. Shivani Gupta, Sachin Gupta and Amit Garg?

Secondly, could the aforementioned appellants be rightly held to

be “insiders” in terms of Regulation 2(1)(g)(ii) of the PIT

Regulations, only and entirely on the basis of circumstantial

evidence?

28. The appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021, namely, Mrs. Shivani

Gupta, Sachin Gupta and Amit Garg, claimed before the WTM

and SAT that they were estranged from the family and did not

have the required connection with the appellant Balram Garg,

who was the MD of the PCJ at the relevant time period. However,

we are of the opinion that the WTM and SAT wrongly rejected this

claim of the Appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 without

appreciating the facts and evidence as was produced before them.

The WTM and SAT ought to have appreciated the relevant facts for

ascertaining the true nature of relationship between the parties.

29. To understand the abovementioned relationship, it is pertinent to

note that PCJ was promoted in 2005 by three brothers viz. P.C.

Gupta [since deceased], Amar Chand Garg and Balram Garg

(Appellant in C.A. No.7054 of 2021). Subsequently, due to certain

differences, Amar Chand Garg and his branch of the family exited

the Company by entering into a family arrangement dated

01.07.2011 whereby their shareholding in the company was

reduced to a meagre 0.70%. In September, 2011, Amar Chand

Garg also resigned as the Vice Chairman of the company and

disassociated himself from the company. Further, the record

reveals that the son of Amar Chand Garg, i.e. Amit Garg (3rd

Appellant in C.A. No.7590 of 2021) was never associated with the

company. On 31.03.2015, on account of certain disputes that had

arisen between Sachin Gupta (2nd Appellant in C.A. No.7590 of

2021) and his parents P.C. Gupta and Smt. Krishna Devi, Sachin

Gupta, so as to exit the company along with his family, resigned

from his position as President (Gold Manufacturing) of the

Company and Mrs. Shivani Gupta (1st Appellant in C.A. No.7590

of 2021 and wife of Sachin Gupta) also resigned from her post of

Senior Assistant Manager, Karol Bagh Store of PCJ. Importantly,

both Sachin Gupta and Smt. Shivani Gupta were, at no point of

time, Directors of PCJ.

30. Subsequently, late P.C. Gupta and his son Sachin Gupta entered

into another family arrangement dated 10.04.2015 whereby P.C.

Gupta and his wife agreed to transfer at least 1,60,00,000 shares

of the company to Sachin Gupta and his family, and in lieu

thereof Sachin Gupta and his family agreed not to have any right

whatsoever in the immovable and movable property of P.C. Gupta

and his wife. However, Sachin Gupta and his wife Smt. Shivani

Gupta were permitted to use the property at 1C, Court Road,

Civil Lines, Delhi for residential purposes only. It is pertinent to

note here that the said plot of land is a large tract of land and

separate buildings were constructed thereon. P.C. Gupta and

Sachin Gupta, along with their families, resided in separate floors

of the same building, whereas Amit Garg and Balram Garg

resided in separate buildings.

31. Post the agreed transfer of shares by P.C. Gupta and his wife,

Sachin Gupta and his wife Smt. Shivani Gupta inter alia, sold

some shares of the company from 02.04.2018 to 13.07.2018. This

aforesaid trade in shares was the subject matter of investigation

by the Respondent/SEBI as it was contented by SEBI that the

abovementioned trade was based on UPSI and hence was in

contravention of SEBI Act and PIT Regulations. The WTM and SAT

erred in not appreciating the aforementioned facts which

adequately establish that the there was a breakdown of ties

between both the parties, both at personal and professional level,

and that the said estrangement happened much prior to the two

UPSI. Hence, we are of the opinion that when the two family

arrangements (dated 01.07.2011 and 10.04.2015) are considered

in their right perspective, it adequately demonstrates that there

was a breakdown of relations between the parties. Additionally,

given the fact that the entire case against the appellants for the

offence of insider trading was based on the nature of close

relationship between the parties, once it has been rightly held by

the WTM that the appellants are neither “connected persons”

within the meaning of Regulation 2(1)(d) nor “immediate relatives”

within the meaning of Regulation 2(1)(f) of PIT Regulation, the

question of ipso facto relying on the nature of relationship

between the parties to come to the conclusion that they were “in

possession of or having access to UPSI” while trading with the

shares of the company is legally unsustainable.

32. Moreover, we find merit in the submission of the counsel for the

appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 that even assuming that the

said family arrangements did not result in complete estrangement

of social relations between the parties, the SAT could not, by

virtue of this very fact, discharge SEBI of the onus of proof placed

on them to prove that the Appellants were in possession of UPSI.

In our opinion, the approach adopted by the SAT turns the SEBI

Act on its head as it places the burden of proving that there was a

complete breakdown of ties between the parties on the Appellants

in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 while conveniently ignoring the fact that

the onus was actually on SEBI to prove that the appellants were

in possession of or having access to UPSI. The legislative note to

Regulation 2(1)(g) makes the above position of law explicitly clear.

It states that:

“... The onus of showing that a certain person

was in possession of or had access to

unpublished price sensitive information at the

time of trading would, therefore, be on the person

leveling the charge after which the person who has

traded when in possession of or having access

to unpublished price sensitive information may

demonstrate that he was not in such possession or

that he has not traded or he could not access or

that his trading when in possession of such

information was squarely covered by the

exonerating circumstances.”

33. The second question before us is that could the appellants in C.A.

No.7590 of 2021, be rightly held to be “insiders” in terms of

regulation 2(1)(g)(ii) of the PIT Regulations, only and entirely on

the basis of circumstantial evidence?

34. In this context, it is important to highlight that the two major

Corporate Announcements, purportedly related to a change in

company’s capital structure, which were:

i. UPSI1 [Period between 25.04.2018 to 10.05.2018]:

The announcement of the Company on 10.05.2018 to

buy back up to 1,21,14,285 fully paid up equity

shares of Rs. 10/ each at a price of Rs. 350/ per

equity share.

ii. UPSI2 [Period between 07.07.2018 to 13.07.2018]:

The announcement of the company withdrawing their

buyback offer due to nonreceipt of NOC from State

Bank of India.

35. After carefully and extensively perusing the records, we have come

to the conclusion that the SAT erred in holding the appellants in

C.A. No.7590 of 2021 to be “insiders” in terms of Regulation 2(1)

(g)(ii) of the PIT Regulations on the basis of their trading pattern

and their timing of trading (circumstantial evidence). The

reasoning of the SAT is ex facie contrary to the records, as would

be evident from the forthcoming discussion wherein our analysis

of the alleged transactions has been divided into three phases viz.

PhaseI [Period from 02.04.2018 to 24.04.2018], PhaseII [Period

from 22.06.2018 to 06.07.2018] and PhaseIII [Period from

07.07.2018 to 13.07.2018].

36. PhaseI [02.04.2018 to 24.04.2018 i.e. Pre UPSI1 Period]:

Appellant Mrs. Shivani Gupta sold shares gifted to her by P.C.

Gupta and Smt. Krishna Devi (as part of the family arrangement

dated 10.04.2015) for personal and commercial reasons. The said

shares were sold for a price of Rs. 300 per share during the said

period. However, since the price of the shares kept falling, Mrs.

Shivani decided to stop selling shares on 24.04.2018. Further, if

we presume that she had internal knowledge of the company’s

affair including the impending buyback offer, it would be

reasonable to assume that she would not have sold such a large

chunk of shares (74,35,071 shares) in the preUPSI1 period

when the prices of the shares were falling and would have instead

chosen to wait for the buyback offer. This also assumes

importance since SEBI itself, vide its showcause notice dated

24.04.2020 had dropped the charges with respect to the UPSI1

period. This would mean that the notional loss purportedly

avoided by appellant Mrs. Shivani Gupta was only for the shares

traded during the UPSIII Period, and even according to SEBI,

there was no case that she made any money or avoided any loss

by trading in the shares of the company during the UPSI1 Period.

37. PhaseII [22.06.2018 to 06.07.2018 i.e. Pre UPSIII Period]:

PCJ had requested SBI to issue a NOC for the proposed buyback

offer on 07.07.2018 and the said request was rejected on the

same day by the SBI. However, even before the said refusal by the

SBI, the appellant Mrs. Shivani Gupta had sold 1,00,000 shares

on 06.07.2018 at a much lower price than the price at which the

shares were sold earlier. On the date on which these shares were

sold, the UPSI2 had not even come into existence. If the

arguments of the respondent hold any water, the Appellants

should have waited till UPSI2 and would only have subsequently

offloaded maximum number of shares during the said period to

avoid any notional loss. However, the records undercut the logic

adopted by the respondent/SEBI for the reason that the

appellants were not in possession of the UPSI2 and hence the

appellants started selling the shares even before the UPSI2 came

into existence.

38. PhaseIII [07.07.2018 to 13.07.2018 i.e. UPSIII Period]: The

Appellant Mrs. Shivani Gupta sold only 15,00,000 shares during

this period as opposed to the 74,35,071 shares that were sold at

an earlier point of time (PreUPSI1 Period). Importantly,

notwithstanding the fact that the appellant Mrs. Shivani Gupta

sold 15,00,000 shares, she continued to hold 12,84,111 shares of

the company, out of the total that were transferred to her by way

of the family arrangement. These above factors undercut the

argument of SEBI that the appellants sold huge number of shares

during UPSI2 period because they had the information that once

the information of withdrawal of buyback offer by PCJ was made

public, the price of the shares would drastically fall. Moreover, the

data reveals that the share price of the PCJ shares consistently

fell during the investigation period and therefore it would be

incorrect to say that the price of the shares fell only upon

announcement of the withdrawal of the buyback offer. In fact, the

records reveal that even after the announcement of the buyback

offer, there was no increase in the share prices of the company.

Resultantly, the appellants stopped selling shares on 13.07.2018

because they believed that the market price continued to fall so

badly that the shares possessed by them were not being valued

accurately in the market. Hence, the appellants decided to

constitute to hold their shareholdings.

39. In such view of the matter, we are of the opinion that there is no

correlation between the UPSI and the sale of shares undertaken

by the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021. The said decisions of

selling the shares and the timings thereof were purely a personal

and commercial decision undertaken by them and nothing more

can be read into those decisions. If the appellants did possess the

UPSIs, we are unable to understand that why would the appellant

Mrs. Shivani Gupta sell only 15,00,000 shares during this period

as opposed to the 74,35,071 shares that were sold at an earlier

point of time (PreUPSI1 Period) and still continue to hold

12,84,111 shares of the company that could have also been sold

along with the 15,00,000 shares that were sold during the UPSI2

period.

40. We are also of the opinion that in the absence of any material

available on record to show frequent communication between the

parties, there could not have been a presumption of

communication of UPSI by the appellant Balram Garg. The

trading pattern of the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 cannot

be the circumstantial evidence to prove the communication of

UPSI by the appellant Balram Garg to the other appellants in C.A.

No.7590 of 2021. It would also be pertinent to note here that

Regulation 3 of the PIT Regulations, which deals with

communication of UPSI, does not create a deeming fiction in law.

Hence, it is only through producing cogent materials (letters,

emails, witnesses etc.) that the said communication of UPSI could

be proved and not by deeming the communication to have

happened owing to the alleged proximity between the parties. In

this context, even the showcause notices do not allege any

communication between the Appellant Balram Garg and the other

appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021. This is evident from the

following extract of the order of the WTM:

“A perusal of the SCNs shows that allegations of

Noticees no. 1 to 4 being connected person under

Regulation 2(1)(d)(i) seems to have been proceeded

on the basis of inference drawn that Noticees no. 1

to 3 being relatives of Late Shri Padam Chand

Gupta who was promotor and chairman of PC

Jewellers, and Noticee no. 5 who was the MD of PC

Jewellers, would be having frequent

communication with Late Shri Gupta and Noticee

No. 5. However, here I note that as per Regulation

2(1)(d)(i) , association by virtue of frequent

communication with the officer of the company

must be arising in the discharge of his/her duty

towards the company. The SCNs does not allege

that there was any communication between

Noticee no. 5 and Noticee no. 1 to 4, arising out

discharge of any duty owed by Noticee no. 1,2,3 or

4 to the compoany.” [emphasis

supplied]

41. This Court in Hanumant vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR

1952 Supreme Court 343] has held that:

“Assuming that the accused Nargundkar had

taken the tenders to his house, the prosecution, in

order to bring the guilt home to the accused, has

yet to prove the other facts referred to above. No

direct evidence was adduced in proof of those

facts. Reliance was placed by the prosecution and

by the courts below on certain circumstances, and

intrinsic evidence contained in the impugned

document, Exhibit P3A. In dealing with

circumstantial evidence the rules specially

applicable to such evidence must be borne in mind.

In such cases there is always the danger that

conjecture or suspicion may take the place of legal

proof and therefore it is right to recall the warning

addressed by Baron Alderson, to the jury in Reg v.

Hodge ((1838) 2 Lew. 227), where he said :

"The mind was apt to take a pleasure in

adapting circumstances to one another, and

even in straining them a little, if need be, to

force them to from parts of one connected

whole; and the more ingenious the mind of the

individual, the more likely was it, considering

such matters to overreach and mislead itself,

to supply some little link that is wanting, to

take for granted some fact consistent with its

previous theories and necessary to render

them complete."

It is well to remember that in cases where the

evidence in of a circumstantial nature, the

circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is

to be drawn should in the first instance be fully

established, and all the facts so established should

be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt

of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be

of a conclusive nature and pendency and they

should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but

the one proposed to be proved. In other words,

there must be a chain of evidence so far complete

as not to leave any reasonable ground for a

conclusion consistent with the innocence of the

accused and it must be such as to show that

within all human probability the act must have

been done by the accused. In spite of the forceful

arguments addressed to us by the learned

AdvocateGeneral on behalf of the State we have

not been able to discover any such evidence either

intrinsic within Exhibit P3A or outside and we are

constrained to observe that the courts below have

just fallen into the error against which warning

was uttered by Baron Alderson in the above

mentioned case.” [emphasis supplied]

42. This Court in Chintalapati Srinivasa Raju vs Securities and

Exchange Board of India [(2018) 7 SCC 443] has further held

that:

“Further, under the second part of Regulation 2(e)

(i), the connected person must be “reasonably

expected” to have access to unpublished price

sensitive information. The expression “reasonably

expected” cannot be a mere ipse dixit – there must

be material to show that such person can

reasonably be so expected to have access to

unpublished price sensitive information.

We have already demonstrated that the minority

judgment is much more detailed and correct than

the majority judgment of the Appellant Tribunal.

We accept Shri Singh’s submission that in cases

like the present, a reasonable expectation to be in

the know of things can only be based on

reasonable inferences drawn from foundational

facts. This Court in SEBI v. Kishore R. Ajmera,

(2016) 6 SCC 368 at 383, stated:

“26. It is a fundamental principle of law that

proof of an allegation leveled against a person

may be in the form of direct substantive

evidence or, as in many cases, such proof may

have to be inferred by a logical process of

reasoning from the totality of the attending

facts and circumstances surrounding the

allegations/charges made and leveled. While

direct evidence is a more certain basis to come

to a conclusion, yet, in the absence thereof the

Courts cannot be helpless. It is the judicial

duty to take note of the immediate and

proximate facts and circumstances

surrounding the events on which the

charges/allegations are founded and to reach

what would appear to the Court to be a

reasonable conclusion therefrom. The test

would always be that what inferential process

that a reasonable/prudent man would adopt

to arrive at a conclusion.”

We are of the view that from the mere fact that the

appellant promoted two joint venture companies,

one of which ultimately merged with SCSL, and the

fact that he was a cobrother of B. Ramalinga Raju,

without more, cannot be stated to be foundational

facts from which an inference of reasonably being

expected to be in the knowledge of confidential

information can be formed. The fact that the

appellant was to be continued as a director till

replacement again does not take us anywhere.

Shri Viswanathan has shown us that two other

independent nonexecutive directors were

appointed in his place on and from 23.1.2003.

What is clear is that the appellant devoted all his

energies to the businesses he was running, on and

after resigning as an executive director of SCSL, as

a result of which the salary he was being paid by

SCSL was discontinued.”

[emphasis supplied]

43. This Court has also held in a catena of cases that the

foundational facts must be established before a presumption is

made. In this context, in Seema Silk & Sarees vs. Directorate

of Enforcement [(2008) 5 SCC 580] this Court has held that:

“The presumption raised against the trader is a

rebuttable one. Reverse burden as also statutory

presumptions can be raised in several statutes as,

for example, the Negotiable Instruments Act,

Prevention of Corruption Act, TADA, etc.

Presumption is raised only when certain

foundational facts are established by the

prosecution. The accused in such an event would

be entitled to show that he has not violated the

provisions of the Act.”

In the present case, as rightly argued by the learned counsel of

the appellant, the foundational facts were not proved which could

raise the alleged presumption. SEBI failed to place on record any

material to prove that the appellants in C.A. No.7590/2021 were

“connected persons” to Balram Garg as required by Regulation

2(1)(d)(ii)(a) read with Regulation 2(1)(f) of the PIT Regulations as

none of the appellants C.A. No.7590/2021 were financially

dependent on Balram Garg or even alleged to have consulted

Balram Garg in any decision related to trading in securities.

44. In light of the above principles of law laid down by this Court, it

was imperative on the Respondent/SEBI to place on record

relevant material to prove that the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of

2021, namely, Mrs. Shivani Gupta, Sachin Gupta, Amit Garg and

Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd. were “immediate relatives” who were

“dependent financially” on appellant Balram Garg or “consult”

Balram Garg in “taking decisions relating to trading in securities”.

However, SEBI failed to do so as has been already recorded by the

WTM in its order dated 11.05.2021. The said appellants in C.A.

No.7590 of 2021 were not “immediate relatives” and were

completely financially independent of the appellant Balram Garg

and had nothing to do with the said Balram Garg in any decision

making process relating to securities or even otherwise.

45. In the context of appellant no. 4 (in C.A. No.7590 of 2021), namely

Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd., the record clearly reveals that it is

neither a “holding company” or an “associate company” or a

“subsidiary company” of PCJ nor the appellant Balram Garg has

ever been the Director of Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd. Therefore,

Quick Developers Pvt. Ltd. cannot be held to be a “connected

person” visàvis the appellant Balram Garg.

46. Furthermore, reliance of the Respondent/SEBI on transactions

between appellant Sachin Gupta and PCJ and the subsequent

payments of rent by PCJ is against the principles of natural

justice as these allegations were not part of the Show Cause

Notices. To cement this proposition, reference could be made to

Tarlochan Dev Sharma vs State of Punjab [(2001) 6 SCC 260]

wherein this Court has held that:

“We are, therefore, clearly of the opinion that not

only the principles of natural justice were violated

by the factum of the impugned order having been

founded on grounds at variance from the one in the

show cause notice, of which appellant was not

even made aware of let alone provided an

opportunity to offer his explanation, the allegations

made against the appellant did not even prima

facie make out a case of abuse of powers of

President.”

[emphasis supplied]

Similar observations have also been made by this Court in

Hindustan Lever Ltd. vs. Director General (Investigation and

Registration) [(2001) 2 SCC 474].

47. Lastly, we have given our anxious consideration to the

judgements relied upon by the learned counsel of the Respondent

viz. SEBI vs Kishore R. Ajmera [(2016) 6 SCC 368] and

Dushyant N. Dalal vs. SEBI [(2017) 9 SCC 660]. Suffice it to

hold that these cases are distinguishable on the facts of the

present case, as the former is not a case of insider trading but

that of Fraudulent/Manipulative Trade Practices; and the latter

case relates to Interests and Penalty rather than the subject

matter at hand. Reliance placed on the case of Kishore R.

Ajmera (supra) to show that presumption can be drawn on the

basis of immediate and relevant facts is contrary to law already

settled by this Court in the case of Chintalapati Srinivasa Raju

(supra) where it is held that “a reasonable expectation to be in the

know of things can only be based on reasonable inference drawn

from foundational facts”. It has further been held that merely

because a person was related to the connected person cannot by

itself be a foundational fact to draw an inference.

48. To conclude, the entire case of the Respondents was premised on

two important propositions, that firstly, there existed a close

relationship between the appellants herein; and secondly, that

based on the circumstantial evidence (trading pattern and timing

of trading), it could be reasonably concluded that the appellants

in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 were “insiders” in terms of Regulation

2(1)(g)(ii) of the PIT Regulations. However, as the discussion above

would reveal, the WTM and SAT wrongly rejected the claim of

estrangement of the Appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021, without

appreciating the facts and evidence as was produced before them.

The records and facts adequately establish that the there was a

breakdown of ties between the parties, both at personal and

professional level and that the said estrangement happened much

prior to the two UPSI. Secondly, as has already been discussed,

the SAT erred in holding the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021

to be “insiders” in terms of regulation 2(1)(g)(ii) of the PIT

Regulations on the basis of their trading pattern and their timing

of trading (circumstantial evidence). We are of the firm opinion

that there is no correlation between the UPSI and the sale of

shares undertaken by the appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021.

Moreover, in the absence of any material available on record to

show frequent communication between the parties, there could

not have been a presumption of communication of UPSI by the

appellant Balram Garg. The trading pattern of the appellants in

C.A. No.7590 of 2021 cannot be the circumstantial evidence to

prove the communication of UPSI by the appellant Balram Garg to

the other appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021. There is no material

on record for the WTM and the SAT to arrive at the finding that

both late P.C. Gupta and the appellant Balram Garg

communicated the UPSI to the other appellants in C.A. No.7590 of

2021. The said appellants in C.A. No.7590 of 2021 were not

“immediate relatives” and were completely financially independent

of the appellant Balram Garg and had nothing to do with the him

in any decision making process relating to securities or even

otherwise. The submission of the learned counsel of the

respondent regarding the same residential address of the

appellants also falls flat as admittedly the parties were residing in

separate buildings on a large tract of land. Lastly, in our opinion,

the SAT order suffers from nonapplication of mind and the same

is a mere repetition of facts stated by the WTM. The Appellate

Tribunal was exercising jurisdiction of a First Appellate Court and

was bound to independently assess the evidenced and material on

record, which it evidently failed to do.

49. Accordingly, the appeals are allowed and the impugned judgement

and final orders of WTM and SAT are set aside. The deposits made

by the appellants in both the appeals in terms of the impugned

orders or interim orders of this Court shall be refunded to the

respective appellants.

50. No orders as to costs.

………………………..J.

[VINEET SARAN]

………………….…….J.

[ANIRUDDHA BOSE]

New Delhi

Dated: APRIL 19, 2022

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Indian Constitution

BALRAM GARG VS SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA

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