MRS. ETHEL LOURDES D’SOUZA LOBO VERSUS LUCIO NEVILLE JUDE DE SOUZA & ORS.

MRS. ETHEL LOURDES D’SOUZA LOBO VERSUS LUCIO NEVILLE JUDE DE SOUZA & ORS.

Landmark Cases of India / सुप्रीम कोर्ट के ऐतिहासिक फैसले



1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 9202 OF 2019
MRS. ETHEL LOURDES D’SOUZA LOBO ...APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
LUCIO NEVILLE JUDE DE SOUZA & ORS. ...RESPONDENT(S)
WITH
 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 9203 OF 2019
J U D G M E N T
S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.
1. The present appeals arises from a judgment rendered by the Bombay High
Court, Goa Bench1
. The dispute arises out of inventory proceedings2 under Chapter
XVII by Articles 1369 to 1447 of the Portuguese Civil Procedure Code (hereafter
“the Code”).
2. Inventory proceedings in the present case arose and were initiated on account
of the death of Lt. Guilherme Caetano Souza and his wife, Maria Guilhermina
Augusta Lourdes Aguiar Souza. These proceedings were initiated in 1985 for
partition of the estate of the said deceased.3 There were six heirs of the deceased
(hereafter referred to by their names) - i.e., Pedro (survived by the petitioner, Ethel
1
In WP No. 671/2010 dated 10.08.2012
2 Described in Treatise of Civil Code, by Dr. Luis da Cunha Gonsalves, Volume X page 590 as
“Inventory is a complete description of assets and debts or of the estate of the inheritance and liabilities of the
estate, in order that one or other, or the balance remaining after payment of debts, be divided amongst the successors
of the deceased, or allotted to his sole heir."
3
Inventory proceedings No. 109/1985/1
2
Lourdes; and Respondent Nos. 23-26); Hermano (survived by the first four
respondents); Maria Emila Pulqueria Natividade (fifth respondent, deceased and
survived by her heirs – Respondent Nos. 6 to 11); Maria Patricia Lucia (deceased,
survived by Respondent Nos. 12 to 21); Maria Emilia Julieta (deceased); and
Edwin (deceased). The estate in question comprised, inter alia, three items of
immovable property. Lt. Edwin, one of the heirs, succeeded to two items (Nos. 2
& 3) of the properties, having bid highest among the heirs in an auction (licitation)
held on 28.02.2001. The property in dispute is Item No. 1.
3. It is an undisputed fact that the Code is a comprehensive law, incorporating
both substantive and procedural elements, regarding various matters, including
those relating to personal laws, with elements of inheritance and succession to
estates. The Code was initially framed in 1867; it became applicable as “law in
force” upon assimilation of Goa into the Indian Union by virtue of Section 5 (1) of
the Goa, Daman and Diu Administration Act, 1962.
4. When succession opens up to an estate, the properties (both movable and
immovable) and liabilities of the deceased are inventorized. In the inventory
proceedings, an elder member of the family is appointed as Cabeca de Casal
(administrator). The administrator has to prepare an inventory of all the properties
of the deceased. The deceased’s properties are inventorized and evaluated, after
which they are to be distributed in accordance with the shares laid down in the
Code4
.
5. The steps following the above are that under Article 1369 of the Code, the
initial valuation of the property has to be settled by the parties initiating the
inventory proceedings. By Article 1387, the concerned court, orders the appraisal
of the properties by an appraiser, where no questions (issues or disputes) are raised
against the description or those so raised had been decided. The valuation stage
4 Ref Jose Paulo Coutinho v. Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira & Ors. (2019) 20 SCC 85
3
would arise when the licitation takes place, and parties offer the market value for
each property. After parties are intimated about the list of assets under Article 1379,
they or any of them have to apply for licitation. By Article 1391, if interested parties
do not apply for licitation within 48 hours, the right is waived, and there can be no
licitation. In such an event, the property enlisted in the proceedings would be
allotted to the interested parties in accordance with their respective shares.
Licitation, quite simply is a closed auction, in which heirs of the deceased, entitled
to shares in the estate, participate. Licitation is provided by Article 1412; it reads
as follows:
“The licitation is an auction to which only the heirs and moiety holder spouse
are admitted, except the cases where, in terms of preceding articles, the donee
or legatee should also be admitted. It may fall over the properties of the
inheritance which are not necessarily to be allotted in any particular party.”
6. Reverting to the facts of this case, on 28.02.2001, Item No. 1 too was part of
the licitation; Late Maria Emilia Souza was the highest bidder. Since she defaulted
in the payment of the owelty amount, a fresh bid was ordered. On 17.12.2004, the
bidding in the second licitation commenced, and continued on to 03.01.2005
involving Item No. 1. Hermano (represented by the first four respondents in this
court) was successful, with the highest bid for ₹34,15,100/-. Hermano had been
constituted as the Cabeca de Casal. He died on 11.07.2008. By then, he had not
deposited any amount towards the bid offered by him. At that stage, the final
partition chart had not been drawn. This fact was reported to the concerned court
seized of the inventory proceedings. At the same time, an application was moved
by Adelaide M. De Souza (Pedro’s heir, Respondent No. 26) for being impleaded
as a party to the proceedings. The present appellant also moved an application for
the appointment of a fresh Cabeca de Casal and reauction of Item No.1.
7. The claim for reauction was resisted by Hermano’s heirs, who argued that
they could continue the proceedings and that they were entitled to Item No.1. The
4
Inventory court (or the trial court), by its order5
allowed the appellant’s application
citing Article 1417(c) of the Code. The respondents had argued that the provision
did not apply since the notice of payment of owelty amounts had not been made.
The trial court held that the property had to be reauctioned and since Hermano had
not deposited the sale proceeds within the time stipulated, and his heirs could not
claim ownership of the auctioned property, i.e., Item No.1. It was further held that
Hermano’s heirs could not succeed in respect of the bid, because that was not a
heritable item. This decision was appealed against, by Hermano’s heirs.
8. The District Judge, Margao, by its order6
reversed the ruling of the inventory
court and held that the effect of a successful bid was that the successful bidder had
a right to the property, which upon his death devolved on his legal heirs. Being
aggrieved by the decision of the District Judge, the appellant approached the High
Court, which on the basis of the materials on record concluded that the inheritance
of an heir in inventory contemplated under Section 1737 of the Code, included
rights flowing from a successful bid in a licitation, as it included the right to pay
owelty. It was further held that the occasion for depositing the amount towards
auction would arise only after the amounts were apportioned with regard to each
heir’s share and only if the bid amount exceeded the shares of the successful bidder
in the inventory proceedings. It was further held that the obligations and rights
devolved upon legal successors, i.e., present respondents. The court also held that
the right of a successful bidder could not be considered to be in personam so
resulting in its extinguishment after his death. To hold so, the High Court cited
Article 1439 of the Code, which, in its opinion, confers a right in presenti upon a
successful bidder in an inventory proceeding to hold the property as an
administrator.
5 dated 25.03.2009
6 dated 27.08.2010, in Misc. CA 87/2009.
5
Submission of parties
9. Mr. Keane Sardinha, learned counsel for the appellant, urged that the
findings of the first appellate court and the High Court, are erroneous. It was argued
that the rights conferred upon a successful bidder who is a party to inventory
proceedings under Article 1737 do not devolve upon his heirs on his death. The
appellant urged that a bid in an auction does not create any right or interest in the
property, nor is there a concluded contract between the bidders and other interested
parties. Consequently, no heritable right or legally enforceable right passes to the
heirs of the deceased participant in a licitation proceeding. It was submitted that
there was no chart of partition determining the share of owelty amounts in the
proceedings, which meant none of the parties could lay claim or demand their share
of the price.
10. It was further submitted that the right to claim an asset through an auction
can never be a heritable right, and is extinguished upon the death of the bidder. In
the present case, it was emphasized that Hermano had expired much before the bid
amount was paid. Consequently, the auction had no legal effect. Relying upon
Article 1417(c), it was submitted that since no amount was in fact deposited, after
licitation, even after the successful bid, no rights could vest in Hermano’s heirs
upon his death.
11. It was further stressed by Mr. Sardinha that in respect of the same property,
i.e., Item No.1, a previous auction – held in the year 2001 was deemed abortive on
account of failure by the successful bidder to deposit the owelty amount. In these
circumstances, the same logic had to prevail to oust any claim by Hermano’s heirs.
Lastly, it was urged that the inventory proceedings had prolonged - since the
auction in the present case was held in 2005 and till his death Hermano did not
wish to fulfil his obligation. His heirs resisted the reauction, which would fetch a
higher amount for the property, and be fair and equitable to all heirs.
6
12. Ms. Vibha Dutt Makhija, learned counsel for the respondent submitted at the
outset that this Court should not interfere with the concurrent findings of the
appellate court and the High Court. Learned counsel submitted that inventory
proceedings cannot be linked to partition suits. They are meant to describe and
apportion the estate of a deceased person. Article 2064 to 2166 of the Code enacts
substantive provisions, whereas procedural provisions are contained in Articles
1369 to 1447. In this procedure, when licitation is held at the request of parties,
specific properties are earmarked after their comprehensive agreed valuation. The
parties then indicate the mode of partition which is ruled by the court. It is after this
process that the court prepares a chart of partition indicating the inter se amounts
to be paid by the parties to the inventory proceedings depending on their
entitlement and shares, and having regard to the adjustment of the manifest value
of their shares with any obligations on their part (such as the final amount payable
after adjustment, as successful bidders). It was submitted that in the present case,
the stage of final partition had not been reached. Consequently, the highest bid, i.e.,
₹34,15,100, could not be called the owelty amount payable by Hermano.
13. It was submitted that the court correctly held that the estate of Hermano
comprised not only of his rights and obligations but also his right as a shareholder
in the inventory proceedings – which included his right as a successful bidder for
Item No.1. In this regard, reliance was placed upon Article 1737, by the respondent
in support of their submissions.
Analysis and Conclusions
14. The provisions of the Code, to the extent they are relevant, are extracted
below:
“Article 1736 (Concept of heir and legatee)
Heir is a person who succeeds to the totality of the inheritance, or to a part
thereof without specifying the sum of money or the object. Legatee is a person,
in whose favour the testator disposes of a sum of money, or specified objects,
or a certain part thereof.
7
. Article 1737
The inheritance covers all the properties, rights and obligations of the author,
which are not merely personal or which are otherwise excepted by the
disposition of the author himself or by law.
*********** *********** ***********
Sub Division V
Of the Licitation and Partition
Article 2126 (Form of partition and declaration of licitation)
After the description and appraisal is done, as aforesaid, the parties shall be
heard as to the form of partition, and if any of them is willing to bid for any
property or other object, he shall so declare in his reply.
Article 2127 (Formalities of licitation and when to be held)
The licitation shall precede the act of partition, after all the parties are
summoned, and it shall take place amongst them only, as if it is a case of an
auction.
Article 1416 (Chart of partition)
After the file is received with the order referred to in Article 1414, the office
shall draw the chart of partition, within eight days, in accordance with the same
order and in accordance with the provision of the preceding Article.
For the purposes of the drawing of the chart, first of all, it will be found what
is the total amount of the assets, by adding the values of each kind of properties
as per appraisals and licitations and by deducting the passive debts, legacies
and charges which ought to be discounted; thereupon the amount of the share
of each party shall be worked out and the part which is allotted to the party in
each type of properties; finally the allotment of each share will be done with
reference to the numbers of the items of the description.
The lots which are to be drawn by sortition shall be designated by letters.
Paragraph 1: The values shall be indicated by figures only. The numbers of the
items of the description shall be shown in figures and by words and when they
are continuous only the terminal numbers between which the numbering is
comprised shall be noted. In case some fraction of the items fall to the coheirs,
such fraction shall be mentioned.
Paragraph 2: In each lot the kind of properties of which it is comprised shall
be shown.
Paragraph 3: The judge shall initial each and every page of the chart and shall
confirm the errata note of corrections, erasures or interlineations.
Article 1417 (Steps to be taken when the gifted properties or properties
subject of licitation exceed the share of the party)
Where the office finds, at the time of drawing the chart, that the properties gifted
or taken by licitation exceed the share of the respective party or the disposable
portion of the deceased, a note shall be recorded in the file, in the shape of a
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chart, indicating exactly what is the amount of the excess, and thereupon the
following shall be observed:
(a) Where in between the properties gifted to a co-heir there exists any property
not divisible, which does not fit wholly in the share to the donee, such property
shall form part of the mass of partible properties as any other property of the
inheritance; in other cases, the donee shall be notified to exercise, within three
days, his right of choice which is conferred upon him by paragraph 4 of Article
2107 of the Civil Code, failing which his share will be allotted with the
properties indicated by the judge;
(b) Where the gift made to a stranger is inofficious, the same shall be reduced
in terms of Article 1493 onwards of the Civil Code;
(c) Those who have not taken the properties in licitation and who are to be
allotted the owelty money due by those who were successful in the licitation,
shall be notified to demand within three days the payment, if they so desire. If
the demand is made the successful bidder shall be notified to deposit the amount
failing which the licitation will be of no effect.
Where the payment is not demanded, the owelty money shall earn the legal
interest from the date of final judgment of partition and the creditors thereof
may register the legal hypothecation over the properties adjudicated to the
debtor.”
15. It is recognized that, unlike partition suits, inventory proceedings under the
Code are not essentially adversarial. In these proceedings, initiated upon the death
of one governed by the Code, that event is reported to the Court. A Cabeca de
Casal (administrator or head of the household) is appointed by the Court, from
amongst senior members of the family, to manage the properties of the deceased.
When the proceedings culminate after the apportionment of shares, there is no
decree.7 The Cabeca de Casal is enjoined to report all items of the deceased’s estate
- if there are bequests in testamentary instruments, their description. Thereupon the
items are sought to be divided: for that purpose, each item is valued. Those
properties which cannot be divided, are then the subject of licitation proceedings,
where heirs are allowed to bid for each item of those properties. The chart of
partition is then prepared, listing out the share and the value of shares of each heir.
Those who secure properties (through licitation, etc.) in excess of such share have
7 Ref. Zacarias Durate Domoingos Pereira v. Camilo Inacil Evaristo Pereira, AIR 1984 Bom 295
9
to pay owelty amounts. As to what is owelty, was explained by this Court in T.S.
Swaminatha Odayar v. Official Receiver of West Tanjore8
in the following terms:
“It therefore follows that when an owelty is awarded to a member on partition
for equalization of the shares on an excessive allotment of immovable
properties to another member of the joint family such a, provision of owelty
ordinarily creates a lien or a charge on the land taken under the partition. A
lien or a charge may be created in express terms by the provisions of the
partition decree itself. There would thus be the creation of a legal charge in
favour of the member to whom such owelty is awarded. If, however, no such
charge is created in express terms, even so the lien may exist because it is
implied by the very terms of the partition in the absence of an express provision
in that behalf. The member to whom excessive allotment of property has been
made on such partition cannot claim to acquire properties falling to his share
irrespective of or discharged from the obligation to pay owelty to the other
members. What he gets for his share is, therefore, the properties allotted to him
subject to the obligation to pay such owelty and there is imported by necessary
implication an obligation on his part to pay owelty out of the properties allotted
to his share and a corresponding lien in favour of the members to whom such
owelty is awarded on the properties which have fallen to his share.”
16. Owelty, then, is awarded to a member in proceedings of partition for
equalization of the shares on “an excessive allotment of immovable properties to
another member.” The total amount which has to be distributed to the heirs as per
their shares, therefore, includes inter alia, on the owelty sums paid in, by one who
can claim entitlement to immovable property in excess of the share allocable to her
or him.
17. One of the earlier decisions of the Bombay High Court in Shri Damodar
Ramnath Alve v. Shri Gokuldas Ramnath Alve & Anr.9
explained the stage of
payment of owelty:
“23. Article 1417 refers to the steps to be taken when the gifted property or
properties subject of licitation exceed the share of the party. Clause (c)
of Article 1417 reads as under:-
"c) Those who have not taken the properties in licitation and who are to be
allotted the owelty money due by those who were successful in the licitation,
shall be notified to demand within three days the payment, if they so desire. If
8
[1957] 1 SCR 775
9 1997 (4) Bom CR 653
10
the demand is made the successful bidder shall be notified to deposit the amount
failing which the licitation will be of no effect."
In the instant case the demand was made and notice was issued on 4th January
1989. Thus, from this day period of 5 days begins. He filed an application dated
12th January 1989, stating therein that he be exempted from the payment of
owelty money until the decision of Civil Suit No. 202/1986/A and same came to
be dismissed on 18th February 1989. On 27th February 1989, appellant
Damodar filed another application stating that challans be issued to him to
deposit the owelty money. Challans were handed over to him on 28th February
1989. However, by filing applications, the period is not extended. The appellant
Damodar failed to deposit the money within 5 days and, therefore, Damodar no
more remained a successful bidder. His right was extinguished.”
18. It is clear that the question of paying owelty, or any amount, by any heir,
including one who bids successfully for an item, is dependent upon a demand by
one or the other heirs. This point was brought home, highlighting the need for
making a demand, in another decision of the Bombay High Court, i.e., Motibai
Sarvotham Pai Cano & Ors. v. Maria Elsa Do Perpetuo Socorro Mota & Ors.10
where the court held as follows:
“A look at the provision of Article 1417 clearly suggests that for failure to pay
owelty money the creditor is entitled to legal interest from the date of judgment
until recovery and is further entitled to register a sort of mortgage in respect of
the property when demand is not made. It is therefore clear that failure to pay
money does not bring about the reversion of the property. But, in a case where
the demand is made by the person who is entitled to receive owelty and if the
same is not paid within three days of the notice of demand, the allotment
becomes ineffective and the property be put to re-auction and at that re-auction
the defaulting party is not entitled to participate and offer any bid.”
In Ranjit Satardekar v. Clotildes Fernandes it was held as follows:11
“14. In my view, article 2137 of the Civil Code does not confer any substantive
right on a party. It deals with aspects of procedure regarding payment of
auction price. It was contained in the law enacted in 1867. The C.P.C., as
already stated, was enforced w.e.f. 1/01/1941 and in the light of new provisions
having been made subsequently as to when the payment is to be demanded and
by whom and to whom and the consequences which should follow in case of
failure to deposit, the provisions of Article 2137 of the Civil Code, in my view
would stand impliedly repealed and substituted by the provision of Article
10 1994(2) Bom. C.R. 628
11 Civil Application No. 294 of 2007 in First Appeal No. 289 of 2006, decided by Bombay High Court on
14.02.2008
11
1417(c) of C.P.C. Admittedly, the appellants were notified to demand the
payment as contemplated by Article 1417(c) but did not insist that the same
should be made and in the light of that the appellants' challenge to the chart of
partition, prima facie, cannot be accepted. It also does not make much sense
that the highest bidder should be asked to deposit the entire price of the bid
when his own share in the bided property is substantial. The view that the
provision of article 2137 of the Civil Code stands impliedly repealed and now
article 1417 C.P.C. overrides article 2137 of the Civil Code is a view held by
learned authors Fernando Andrade Pires de Lima and Joao De Matos Antunes
Varela reproduced herein above. It is also the view held by Supreme Court of
Portugal in its decision dated 9/04/1957 in File No. 56.939 wherein the
Supreme Court stated:
‘article 2126 and following of the Civil Code today is in a great part substituted by
the respective provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure’…”
19. This court too has endorsed the view expressed by the Bombay High Court
on the subject, in Baburao Karekar v. Vilas Atmaram Bandodkar12
.
“II. Article 1417(c) of the Portuguese Code translated by Mr M.S. Usgãocar in
Family Laws of Goa Daman & Diu
‘(c) Those who have not taken the properties in licitation and who are to b
e allotted the owelty money due by those who were successful in the licitation,
shall be notified to demand within three days of the payment, if they so desire.
If the demand is made the successful bidder shall be notified to deposit the am
ount failing which the licitation will be of no effect.
Where the payment is not demanded, the owelty money shall earn the legal
interest from the date of final judgment of partition and the creditors thereof m
ay register the legal hypothecation over the properties adjudicated to the debt
or.’
III. Comments by noted Portuguese jurist Joao Antonio Lopes Cardoso, in
his book Judicial Partitions — Theory and Practice, Vol. 2, Edn. 1955 on Arti
cle 1417
‘If the Registry finds, when preparing the chart, that the assets taken in the
auction exceed the share of the respective interested party, it shall make a me
mo in the form of a chart stating precisely the amount of the excess. [Article 1
417 of the Portuguese Code of Civil Procedure]
Thereafter, those who did not offer any bid or rather those who receive les
s, to whom owelty money is due by the highest bidders or by those who have ex
ceeded their respective share, shall be notified to demand the payment within t
hree days, if they so wish.
If they make a demand, the highest bidder or the person who has been allo
tted in excess shall be notified to deposit the owelty money under pain of the a
uction becoming ineffective. [Article 1417 clause (c) of the Portuguese Civil P
rocedure Code.]’”
10. Though the learned counsel for the parties have urged different meanings t
o the translated versions to further their respective cases, on close scrutiny,
12 (2015) 12 SCC 659
12
we do not find any variance in the meanings of the translated provisions of the
Code. In fact, according to us, the purport and meaning of Article 1417(c) is c
lear and unambiguous. After a chart of partition is drawn up and approved by
the court, under clause (c) of Article 1417, a duty is cast on the court to identif
y all the parties who had not taken part in the family auction/licitation and ens
ure service of notice on such person(s) so that within 3 days of receipt of such
notice, the said parties i.e., creditors can raise a demand for payment, if they s
o wish. Once such a demand is raised the auction-purchaser/successful bidder
is duty-bound to pay the amount, failing which the licitation will cease to have
any legal effect. No time-limit for payment by the auction-purchaser is specifie
d. It is in the aforesaid backdrop of the provisions of the Code that the court w
ill be required to examine the rival stand of the parties as projected before us i
n the present appeal.
11. Admittedly, in the present case, no notice was issued by court to the credit
or(s) to raise any demand for payment as required under Article 1417(c) of the
Code. The High Court has proceeded on the basis that the reply filed by the re
spondent before the learned trial court on 26-6-2008 constitutes such a deman
d and further that within 3 days thereof payment was not made by the appellan
ts thereby vitiating the auction proceedings. Even if we are to proceed on the a
foresaid basis insofar as the demand of the respondent is concerned, the allege
d failure on the part of the appellants to deposit the amount within 3 days coul
d not have occasioned a default to vitiate the auction proceedings, as held by t
he High Court. Article 1417(c) does not contemplate invalidity of the licitation
on failure to deposit the amount demanded by the creditor within 3 days. The p
eriod of 3 days has been stipulated for raising a demand by the creditor after s
uch creditor receives the notice that he may raise a demand for payment. If Ar
ticle 1417(c) is to be read in the manner indicated above we do not see how th
e High Court could have held the auction proceedings/licitation to have been v
itiated on the alleged failure of the auction-purchaser/appellants to pay the am
ount within 3 days. In any case, the “demand” made in the reply dated 26-6-2
008 is not pursuant to any notice issued under Article 1417(c) of the Code.
12. All the above facts lead us to the conclusion that the High Court was not c
orrect in holding that in the present case the licitation was rendered invalid as
there had been a failure on the part of the appellant to pay the amount demand
ed by the respondent as required under Article 1417(c) of the Code. The concl
usions recorded by the High Court in the impugned order are plainly untenabl
e and would justify interference.”
20. It is, thus, obvious that upon successfully bidding in an auction, the amount
to be paid in by the concerned heir is payable upon a demand by any other heir to
such bidder, asking for the amount to be deposited. The limitation period, so to say,
is dependent upon the demand so made. The rationale for this rule is that till the
amount in excess of such bidder’s share is not computed, they remain in the dark
about the sum to be paid. In the present case, it is not disputed by the appellant that
such a demand was not made; the parties were not notified as to the amounts they
13
were entitled to; or that the respondent did not make the demand. For this reason,
this court is not persuaded by the submissions of the appellant.
21. As far as the rights of Hermano’s heirs to succeed to his entitlement to the
item bid for is concerned, the appellant’s argument was that the right to receive
such property was conditional or contingent upon his depositing the entire bid
amount; since he did not do so, the heirs cannot inherit some vague inchoate right.
A perusal of Article 1737 of the Code reveals that it is cast in wide terms; it declares
that the “inheritance” covers “all properties, rights and obligations of the author,
which are not merely personal or which are otherwise excepted by the
disposition…” Concededly Hermano was an heir, entitled to a share in the estate
of the deceased. Upon his death, that share would devolve on the heirs. The
question then is whether Hermano’s entitlement to claim a particular item upon
payment of owelty, when demanded, is “property” or a “mere personal right.”
22. What Article 1737 provides for is that inheritance, or the estate of a deceased,
comprises of all properties, rights, and obligations which are not personal or
otherwise excepted from disposition. Thus, the concept of inheritance is wide and
embraces all rights and obligations, including property. Now, property itself is a
wide term; it includes corporeal and incorporeal property, movables and
immovable property, intellectual property (which are essentially negative rights, in
the form of legal enclosures that the owner is entitled to, to prevent use by others).
Rights and entitlements are even wider concepts. In Vasudev Ramchandra Shelat
v. Pranlal Jayanand Thakar13 this court approved the view that delivery of shares,
with share transfer forms, which led to rights to get the shares registered, was
property:
“We think that such a right is in itself "property" and separable from the technical
legal ownership of the shares. The subsequent or "full rights of ownership" of shares
would follow as a matter of course by compliance with the provisions of Company
law. In other words, a transfer of " 'property" rights in shares, recognised by the
Transfer of Property Act, may be antecedent to the actual vesting of all or the full
13 1975 (1) SCR 534
14
rights of ownership of shares and exercise of the rights of shareholders in
accordance with the provisions of the Company law.”
23. The other manner of examining the issue is whether Hermano’s rights were
“personal rights”. A right to claim specific performance of an agreement to sell has
been held to be a personal right in Umabai & Anr. v. Nilkanth Dhondiba Chavan
(Dead) by L.Rs. & Anr.
14 and Bhimrao Ramchandra Khalate (Deceased) through
L.Rs. v. Nana Dinkar Yadav Tanpura & Ors15
. Similarly, the claim of a trustee
against another co-trustee is a personal right, per Ashok Kumar Gupta and Anr. v.
Sitalaxmi Sahuwala Medical Trust and Ors.16; and in Amirtham Kudumbah v.
Sarnam Kudumban17
, it was held that the right to impeach a sale effected by a
minor’s guardian is a personal right vested in the minor which is not transferable.
24. In the present case, it cannot be said that Hermano’s right to participate, and
claim the specific item of property, at the appropriate stage - when owelty was to
be demanded, was a mere personal right, which extinguished upon his death. The
entitlement to bid in the licitation process was not a personal right, but in his
capacity as a member of the family, of which he had been constituted as the Cabeca
de Casal. If all other items are heritable by his heirs and legal representatives (as
there is no dispute that they are, because they step into his shoes) an entirely
different conclusion is unsupportable in regard to the item of property for which he
bid successfully, but for which no demand was made, for payment of any amount.
This was because, the final chart of partition containing the excess payments to be
made, by one or other members of the family had not been prepared; no demand
for payment or deposit of owelty was concededly made by any member of the
family. However, that did not mean that the highest bid by Hermano was, in some
inexplicable manner, effaced. His position and right as a successful bidder, and his
14 (2005) 6 SCC 243
15 2021 (9) SCC 45
16 2020 (4) SCC 321
17 1991 (2) SCR 389
15
obligation to pay the concerned amount, when called upon to do so, were heritable
by his heirs and legal representatives.
25. For the foregoing reasons, the impugned judgment of the High Court is
sound. The appeals are therefore, without merit, and, consequently, dismissed
without an order on costs.

.....................................................J
[S. RAVINDRA BHAT]

.....................................................J
[SUDHANSHU DHULIA]
New Delhi,
September 19, 2022. 

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