BARUN CHANDRA THAKUR VERSUS MASTER BHOLU & ANR.

Landmark Cases of India / सुप्रीम कोर्ट के ऐतिहासिक फैसले

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.950/2022

(arising out of SLP(Crl.) No.10123 of 2018)

BARUN CHANDRA THAKUR …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

MASTER BHOLU & ANR. …RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.951/2022

(arising out of SLP(Crl.) No. 6347 of 2022

@Diary No.25451 of 2019)

CBI …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

BHOLU …RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

VIKRAM NATH, J.

Delay condoned.

2. Leave granted.

3. This Court is called upon to examine the proceedings

arising out of preliminary assessment made under section 15

of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,

20151

. In consonance with the provisions of section 74 of the

Act, 2015 following the orders passed by the Courts below, we

have used the name ‘Bholu’ for the accused and ‘Prince’ for

the victim.

4. These two appeals, one filed by the complainant and

other by the CBI, question the correctness of the judgment

and order dated 11.10.2018 passed by learned single Judge of

Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh in Criminal

Revision No.2366 of 2018, titled Bholu versus CBI, whereby

the revision was allowed; the order dated 20.12.2017 passed

by the Juvenile Justice Board2

, Gurugram and the order dated

21.05.2018 passed by the Additional Sessions

Judge/Children’s Court were set aside and the matter was

remanded to the Board for fresh consideration within a period

of six weeks from the date of receipt of certified copy of the

1 The Act, 2015.

2 ‘Board’ for short

order. Certain other directions were also issued. The operative

portion of the order dated 11.10.2018 is reproduced below:

“…In view of the facts and law position as

discussed above, the present petition is allowed

and impugned order dated 20.12.2017 passed by

the Juvenile Justice Board, Gurugram and order

dated 21.05.2018 passed by the Additional

Sessions Judge, Gurugram are set aside. The case

is remanded back to the Board for afresh

consideration after assessing the intelligency,

maturity, physical fitness as to how the juvenile

in conflict with law was in a position to know the

consequences of the offence. The necessary

exercise be done within a period of six weeks from

the date of receipt of certified copy of the order. It

is also relevant to mention here that while

conducting preliminary assessment, the opinion

of psychologist of the Government hospital be

obtained.”

5. Facts relevant for the adjudication of the present appeals

are as follows:

(i) An unfortunate incident took place on 08.09.2017

in an institution in Gurugram where a Class II

student (Prince) was found in the toilet with his

throat slit in an unconscious state at about 08.30

am. He was rushed to the hospital but was declared

brought dead. Initially the State Police on suspicion

arrested three persons, a driver of the school vehicle

and two officials of the school, but later on they

were released on bail.

(ii) In the meantime, the State transferred the

investigation to Central Bureau of Investigation3

The CBI, during its investigation, interrogated a

Class XI student (Bholu) from the same institution

on twothree occasions, thereafter arrested him on

07.11.2017 (respondent1, in both the appeals)4

(iii) From the material collected, it was found that the

date of birth of respondent was 03.04.2001. As the

date of the incident was 08.09.2017, he was aged 16

years 05 months and 05 days as on the relevant

date. There is no dispute about the date of birth of

the respondent.

6. As required by section 10 of the Act, 2015, the

respondent was produced before the Board by the CBI on

08.11.2017. The Board directed for placing the child in a

safety home. The parents of the respondent were informed.

Under section 13 of the Act, the Social Investigation Report5

was prepared by the Legal Probation Officer and submitted on

27.11.2017 in the prescribed Form No. 6.

3 “CBI” for short

4 “the respondent” for short

5 Referred to as “SIR”.

7. Section 15 of the Act, 2015 mandates that where a child

in conflict with law has committed a heinous offence and is

above the age of 16 years, the Board would make a preliminary

assessment and pass appropriate orders in accordance with

the provisions of subsection (3) of section 18 of the Act, 2015.

8. In the present case, both the conditions required under

section 15 of the Act, 2015 were fulfilled as such the Board

undertook the exercise of making the preliminary assessment.

In that process, the Board called for a report from the expert

psychologist, also interacted with the respondent, considered

the SIR as also other material placed before it and proceeded

to pass an order on 20.12.2017 holding that there was need of

trial of respondent as an adult and accordingly, directed for

transfer of papers to the Children’s Court.

9. Against the order dated 20.12.2017, the respondent

preferred an appeal before the Children’s Court under section

101 of the Act, 2015. The Children’s Court, vide judgment and

order dated 21.05.2018, upheld the decision of the Board and

dismissed the appeal.

10. Aggrieved by the judgment of the Children’s Court, the

respondent preferred a Criminal Revision under section 102 of

the Act, 2015, before the High Court. The learned single

Judge vide judgment and order dated 11.10.2018 allowed the

Revision, set aside the orders passed by the Board as also the

Children’s Court and remanded the matter to the Board for a

fresh consideration. It is this order of remand passed by the

High Court, correctness of which has been assailed in the

present two appeals by the CBI and also the complainant.

11. The judgment of the High Court is dated 11.10.2018 and

as per its direction, Board was to decide the matter afresh

within six weeks. Assailing the order of the High Court, two

special leave petitions were filed before this Court. One by the

complainant registered as SLP (Crl.) No. 10123 of 2018 and

the other by the CBI registered as SLP (Diary No. 25451 of

2019). This Court while issuing notice in the first special leave

petition filed by the complainant Barun Chandra Thakur, also

passed an order of status quo on 19.11.2018. The special

leave petition filed by the CBI was clubbed/tagged with the

special leave petition of the complainant. These matters have

remained pending for over 3 ½ years. From the record we do

not find any effort on part of the parties for early hearing or

disposal of the two petitions for over 3 years. It was only in

January, 2022 that the counsel for the respondent requested

that the matter may be taken up for hearing as the respondent

is in custody for more than three years and very soon, he will

be completing 21 years of age. The matters were taken up on

a number of occasions and the arguments of both sides were

heard at length.

12. We have heard Shri Vikramjit Banerjee, learned

Additional Solicitor General for the CBIappellant, Shri Sushil

Tekriwal, learned counsel for the complainantappellant and

Shri Sidharth Luthra, learned senior counsel for the

respondent and perused the material on record.

13. Before proceeding to deal with the submissions

advanced, it would be appropriate to briefly refer to the

statutory provisions, the scheme of the Act, 2015 and the

necessity requiring a preliminary assessment under section 15

of the Act, 2015. Before coming of the Act, 2015, the Juvenile

Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 20006

was in

force. Under the said enactment, all children below 18 years of

age were to be treated as juveniles and tried as such by the

Board. It was only after the coming of the Act, 2015, that a

6 Hereinafter referred to as ‘Act, 2000’

further category was carved out of juveniles between 16 to 18

years involved in heinous offences. They were subjected to a

preliminary assessment to ascertain whether they are to be

tried as a child by the Board or to be tried as an adult by the

Children’s Court. However, for those above the age of 16 years

and below 18 years, if the Board was of the opinion that the

said Juvenile should not be tried as an adult, the Board would

continue with the trial as envisaged under the Act, 2015.

14. The Act, 2000 and the Act, 2015 were enacted with the

following preamble:

“An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating

to children alleged and found to be in conflict with

law and children in need of care and protection by

catering to their basic needs through proper care,

protection, development, treatment, social reintegration, by adopting a childfriendly approach

in the adjudication and disposal of matters in the

best interest of children and for their

rehabilitation through processes provided, and

institutions and bodies established, hereinunder

and for matters connected therewith or incidental

thereto…”

Relevant provisions of Act, 2015

15. Chapter I consists of sections 1 and 2 (which is the

definition compendium). Section 2(9) defines the “best interest

of the child”; section 2(12) defines a “child” to mean a person

who has not completed 18 years of age; section 2(13) defines a

“child in conflict with law”; ‘Child friendly’ is defined under

section 2(15); the ‘Children’s Court’ is defined under section

2(20); ‘Heinous Offences’ is defined under section 2(33) to

include offences for which the minimum punishment is

imprisonment for seven years or more.

16. Chapter II consists of section 3 which provides for the

general principles of care and protection of children to be

followed in the administration of the Act. According to it, the

Central Government, the State Government, the Board and

other agencies as the case may be, while implementing the

provisions of the Act shall be guided by the fundamental

principles enumerated in clauses (i) to (xvi). It would be

worthwhile to refer to some of the principles; clause (i)

Principle of presumption of innocence: any child shall be

presumed to be an innocent of any mala fide or criminal

intent; clause (iii) Principle of Participation: every child will

have a right to be heard and to participate in all processes and

decisions affecting his interest; clause (iv) Principle of best

interest: primary consideration in all decisions regarding the

child shall be in his best interest; clause (ix) Principle of nonwaiver of rights: it does not permit waiver of any of the right

of the child and even nonexercise of a fundamental right

would not amount to waiver; clause (xvi) Principles of natural

justice: standards of fairness shall be adhered to including

the right to fair hearing, rule against bias and right to review

by all persons or bodies, acting in a judicial capacity under

this Act.

17. Chapter III consisting of sections 4 to 9 deals with the

constitution of the Board, the procedure in relation to the

Board, powers, functions and responsibilities of the Board.

Subsection (1) of section 4 provides for establishment of a

Board in every district which could be more than one, to

exercise powers and discharge functions relating to children in

conflict with law under the Act. Subsection (2) of section 4

defines the constitution of the Board. Subsection (3) provides

for the eligibility of the social workers to be appointed to the

Board. Subsections (4), (5), (6) and (7) further provide

eligibility for selection, disqualification, term and training as a

member of the Board. Section 5 provides that if during the

course of any inquiry by the Board, the child completes the

age of eighteen years then the Board will continue with the

inquiry to pass final orders as if such person has continued to

be a child. Section 6 provides that any person who has

completed eighteen years of age and is apprehended for

committing an offence when he was below the age of eighteen

years, then, subject to the provisions of this section, he would

be treated as a child during the process of the inquiry. Section

7 provides for sittings of the Board for transacting its

businesses. It also refers to the coram of the Board. Section 8

defines the powers, functions and responsibilities of the Board.

Section 9 provides for the procedure to be followed by a

Magistrate, who has not been empowered to exercise the

powers of Board under the Act, when he is of the opinion that

any alleged offender brought before him is a child. In that

case, the Magistrate would immediately record his opinion and

forward the child along with the record of proceedings to the

Board having jurisdiction.

18. Chapter IV comprising of sections 10 to 26 deals with the

procedure in relation to children in conflict with law. Sections

10 and 11 provide for the apprehension of a child in conflict

with law and as to how he should be dealt with. Section 12

deals with bail to a person who is apparently a child alleged to

be in conflict with law. Section 13 provides that the parents,

guardians to be informed forthwith. Section 14 requires the

Board to hold an inquiry regarding a child in conflict with law,

such inquiry to be conducted and appropriate orders passed

under sections 17 and 18 of the Act, 2015.

19. Section 15 provides for preliminary assessment where the

alleged offence is heinous and where the child has completed

or is above the age of 16 years, the Board is required to

conduct the preliminary assessment with regard to his mental

and physical capacity to commit such offence, ability to

understand the consequences of the offence and the

circumstances in which he allegedly committed the offence

and after such assessment, pass an order in accordance with

subsection (3) of section 18. If the Board is of the opinion that

the child needs to be tried as an adult then the case be

transferred to the Children’s Court having jurisdiction to try

such offence. Otherwise, the Board itself will proceed to try the

matter as a summons case under the Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973.7

7 For short, ‘Cr.P.C.

20. Section 16 confers power on the Chief Judicial Magistrate

or the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate to review the pendency of

cases before the Board once in three months and may issue

necessary directions in that regard depending upon the

pendency.

21. Section 17 requires the Board to pass appropriate orders

where after inquiry, the Board is satisfied that the child has

not committed any offence. The Board may also pass

appropriate orders where the child is in need of care and

protection and refer him to the Child Welfare Committee.

22. Section 18 requires the Board to pass appropriate orders

where the child is found to be in conflict with law. Different

categories are provided and various powers are conferred on

the Board to take care of such children who are below the age

of sixteen years and have committed heinous offence and for

children up to the age of eighteen years who have committed

petty offence or a serious offence. Subsection (1) of section 18

and its various clauses from (a) to (g) confer a variety of powers

on the Board for issuing necessary directions. Subsection (2)

gives additional power to the Board providing for education,

training, counselling, deaddiction programmes and even

restricting the movement of the child, in his interest. Subsection (3) provides that the Board if after the preliminary

assessment under Section 15 passes an order that there is a

need for trial of the child as an adult, then the Board may

order transfer of the trial of such a case to the Children’s

Court having jurisdiction.

23. Section 19 deals with the powers conferred on the

Children’s Court. The Children’s Court upon receipt of the

preliminary assessment from the Board will decide whether

there is need for trial of a child as an adult in accordance with

the Cr.P.C. and pass appropriate orders after trial subject to

the provisions of this section as also section 21. However, if

the Children’s Court feels that there is no need for trial of child

as an adult, then, it may conduct an inquiry as a Board and

pass appropriate orders in accordance with provisions of

Section 18. Subsection (2) of section 19 provides that the

Children’s Court will ensure that the final order with regard to

a child in conflict with law will include an individual care plan

for rehabilitation of the child including other directions. Under

subsection (3), the Children’s Court will ensure that a child in

conflict with law remains in a place of safety till he attains the

age of 21 years and thereafter is transferred to jail. Proviso to

subsection (3) ensures that reformative services including

education, skill development, counselling, behaviour

modification therapy and psychiatric support are provided

during the period the child is in a place of safety. Under subsection (4), the Children’s Court is to ensure that there is a

periodic follow up report annually either by the Probation

Officer or the District Child Protection Unit or the Social

Worker for evaluation of the progress of the child and also to

ensure that there is no ill treatment to the child in any form.

24. Section 20(1) deals with the powers of the Children’s

Court with respect to the progress and evaluation of the child

even after he attains the age of 21 years and has not

completed the term of stay. Under subsection (2) of section

20, the Children’s Court after completing the procedure

provided under subsection (1) may pass an order either to

release the child on such conditions for the remainder of the

prescribed term of stay and or pass an order that the child will

complete the remainder of his term in jail.

25. Section 21 prohibits the sentencing of a child in conflict

with law to death or life imprisonment without the possibility

of release.

26. Under section 22 of the Act, it is mandated that Chapter

VIII of Cr.P.C., and any preventive detention law would not be

applied against any child.

27. Under section 23, there is a bar that a child in conflict

with law would not be tried with the person who is not a child.

28. Under section 24, a protection is provided that a child in

conflict with law will not suffer any disqualification under any

such law on account of offence being established against him.

However, this protection will not be available to the child who

has completed or is above the age of 16 years and is found to

be in conflict with law by the Children’s Court under Section

19(1)(i). Subsection (2) of section 24 provides for destruction

of records under different situations.

29. Section 25 provides that all pending proceedings before

any Board or Court on the date of commencement of this Act

would continue in the same Board or Court as if this Act had

not been enacted.

30. Section 26 makes provisions with respect to run away

children in conflict with law. The above takes care of the

various provisions contained in Chapter IV dealing with the

procedure in relation to children in conflict with law.

31. Under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of

Children) Model Rules, 20168

, it is only rule 10(A) which refers

to preliminary assessment into heinous offences by the Board.

Subrule (1) mentions that the first thing to be determined by

the Board is the age of the child as to whether he is below or

above the age of 16 years which is to be done as per section 14

of the Act. Subrule (2) mentions that the Board may take

assistance of the experienced psychologists or psychosocial

workers or other experts who have experience of working with

children in difficult circumstances. It also provides that the

8 Hereinafter referred to as the “Model Rules”

District Child Protection Unit would have a panel of such

experts to be made available to the Board for its assistance or

otherwise the Board could access such experts independently.

Subrule (3) declares that the child shall be presumed to be

innocent unless proved otherwise while making the

preliminary assessment. Subrule (4) provides for the

consequential order to be passed by the Board where it holds

that the trial of the child is to be carried out as an adult for

which, it is required to assign reasons and further to provide

copy of order to the child forthwith.

32. We are not quoting all the provisions referred to above

but only the provisions which are relevant, that are sections 4,

14, 15, 18 and 19 of the Act, 2015, as also rule 10A of the

Model Rules. The same are reproduced below:

“Section 4: Juvenile Justice Board

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the

State Government shall, constitute for every

district, one or more Juvenile Justice Boards

for exercising the powers and discharging its

functions relating to children in conflict with

law under this Act.

(2) A Board shall consist of a Metropolitan

Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of First

Class not being Chief Metropolitan

Magistrate or Chief Judicial Magistrate

(hereinafter referred to as Principal

Magistrate) with at least three years

experience and two social workers selected in

such manner as may be prescribed, of whom

at least one shall be a woman, forming a

Bench and every such Bench shall have the

powers conferred by the Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973 on a Metropolitan

Magistrate or, as the case may be, a Judicial

Magistrate of First Class.

(3) No social worker shall be appointed as a

member of the Board unless such person has

been actively involved in health, education,

or welfare activities pertaining to children for

atleast seven years or a practicing

professional with a degree in child

psychology, psychiatry, sociology or law.

(4) No person shall be eligible for selection as

a member of the Board, if he –– (i) has any

past record of violation of human rights or

child rights; (ii) has been convicted of an

offence involving moral turpitude, and such

conviction has not been reversed or has not

been granted full pardon in respect of such

offence; (iii) has been removed or dismissed

from service of the Central Government or a

State Government or an undertaking or

corporation owned or controlled by the

Central Government or a State Government;

(iv) has ever indulged in child abuse or

employment of child labour or any other

violation of human rights or immoral act.

(5) The State Government shall ensure that

induction training and sensitisation of all

members including Principal Magistrate of

the Board on care, protection, rehabilitation,

legal provisions and justice for children, as

may be prescribed, is provided within a

period of sixty days from the date of

appointment.

(6) The term of office of the members of the

Board and the manner in which such

member may resign shall be such, as may be

prescribed.

(7) The appointment of any member of the

Board, except the Principal Magistrate, may

be terminated after holding an inquiry by the

State Government, if he ––

(i) has been found guilty of misuse of

power vested under this Act; or

(ii) fails to attend the proceedings of the

Board consecutively for three months

without any valid reason; or

(iii) fails to attend less than threefourths

of the sittings in a year; or

(iv) becomes ineligible under subsection

(4) during his term as a member.

xxx xxx xxx

Section 14. Inquiry by Board regarding

child in conflict with law.

(1) Where a child alleged to be in conflict

with law is produced before Board, the Board

shall hold an inquiry in accordance with the

provisions of this Act and may pass such

orders in relation to such child as it deems

fit under sections 17 and 18 of this Act.

(2) The inquiry under this section shall be

completed within a period of four months

from the date of first production of the child

before the Board, unless the period is

extended, for a maximum period of two more

months by the Board, having regard to the

circumstances of the case and after

recording the reasons in writing for such

extension.

(3) A preliminary assessment in case of

heinous offences under section 15 shall be

disposed of by the Board within a period of

three months from the date of first

production of the child before the Board.

(4) If inquiry by the Board under subsection

(2) for petty offences remains inconclusive

even after the extended period, the

proceedings shall stand terminated:

Provided that for serious or heinous

offences, in case the Board requires further

extension of time for completion of inquiry,

the same shall be granted by the Chief

Judicial Magistrate or, as the case may be,

the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, for

reasons to be recorded in writing.

(5) The Board shall take the following steps

to ensure fair and speedy inquiry, namely:

(a) at the time of initiating the inquiry, the

Board shall satisfy itself that the child in

conflict with law has not been subjected to

any illtreatment by the police or by any

other person, including a lawyer or probation

officer and take corrective steps in case of

such illtreatment;

(b) in all cases under the Act, the

proceedings shall be conducted in simple

manner as possible and care shall be taken

to ensure that the child, against whom the

proceedings have been instituted, is given

childfriendly atmosphere during the

proceedings;

shall be given the opportunity of being heard

and participate in the inquiry;

(d) cases of petty offences, shall be

disposed of by the Board through summary

proceedings, as per the procedure prescribed

under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;

(e) inquiry of serious offences shall be

disposed of by the Board, by following the

procedure, for trial in summons cases under

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;

(f) inquiry of heinous offences

(i) for child below the age of sixteen

years as on the date of commission of

an offence shall be disposed of by the

Board under clause (e);

(ii) for child above the age of sixteen

years as on the date of commission of

an offence shall be dealt with in the

manner prescribed under section 15.

Section 15. Preliminary assessment into

heinous offences by Board.

(1) In case of a heinous offence alleged to

have been committed by a child, who has

completed or is above the age of sixteen

years, the Board shall conduct a preliminary

assessment with regard to his mental and

physical capacity to commit such offence,

ability to understand the consequences of

the offence and the circumstances in which

he allegedly committed the offence, and may

pass an order in accordance with the

provisions of subsection (3) of section 18:

Provided that for such an assessment, the

Board may take the assistance of

experienced psychologists or psychosocial

workers or other experts.

Explanation— For the purposes of this

section, it is clarified that preliminary

assessment is not a trial, but is to assess the

capacity of such child to commit and

understand the consequences of the alleged

offence.

(2) Where the Board is satisfied on

preliminary assessment that the matter

should be disposed of by the Board, then the

Board shall follow the procedure, as far as

may be, for trial in summons case under the

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973:

Provided that the order of the Board to

dispose of the matter shall be appealable

under subsection (2) of section 101:

Provided further that the assessment

under this section shall be completed within

the period specified in section 14.

xxx xxx xxx

Section 18: Orders regarding child found

to be in conflict with law.

(1) Where a Board is satisfied on inquiry that

a child irrespective of age has committed a

petty offence, or a serious offence, or a child

below the age of sixteen years has committed

a heinous offence, then, notwithstanding

anything contrary contained in any other law

for the time being in force, and based on the

nature of offence, specific need for

supervision or intervention, circumstances

as brought out in the social investigation

report and past conduct of the child, the

Board may, if it so thinks fit,—

(a) allow the child to go home after advice or

admonition by following appropriate inquiry

and counselling to such child and to his

parents or the guardian;

(b) direct the child to participate in group

counselling and similar activities;

service under the supervision of an

organisation or institution, or a specified

person, persons or group of persons

identified by the Board;

(d) order the child or parents or the guardian

of the child to pay fine: Provided that, in case

the child is working, it may be ensured that

the provisions of any labour law for the time

being in force are not violated;

(e) direct the child to be released on

probation of good conduct and placed under

the care of any parent, guardian or fit

person, on such parent, guardian or fit

person executing a bond, with or without

surety, as the Board may require, for the

good behaviour and child’s wellbeing for any

period not exceeding three years;

(f) direct the child to be released on probation

of good conduct and placed under the care

and supervision of any fit facility for

ensuring the good behaviour and child’s wellbeing for any period not exceeding three

years;

(g) direct the child to be sent to a special

home, for such period, not exceeding three

years, as it thinks fit, for providing

reformative services including education,

skill development, counselling, behaviour

modification therapy, and psychiatric

support during the period of stay in the

special home:

Provided that if the conduct and behaviour

of the child has been such that, it would not

be in the child’s interest, or in the interest of

other children housed in a special home, the

Board may send such child to the place of

safety.

(2) If an order is passed under clauses (a) to

(g) of subsection (1), the Board may, in

addition pass orders to—

(i) attend school; or

(ii) attend a vocational training centre; or

(iii) attend a therapeutic centre; or

(iv) prohibit the child from visiting,

frequenting or appearing at a specified

place; or

(v) undergo a deaddiction programme.

(3) Where the Board after preliminary

assessment under section 15 pass an order

that there is a need for trial of the said child

as an adult, then the Board may order

transfer of the trial of the case to the

Children’s Court having jurisdiction to try

such offences.

Section 19: Powers of Children’s Court.

(1) After the receipt of preliminary

assessment from the Board under section

15, the Children´s Court may decide that—

(i) there is a need for trial of the child as an

adult as per the provisions of the Code of

Criminal Procedure, 1973 and pass

appropriate orders after trial subject to the

provisions of this section and section 21,

considering the special needs of the child,

the tenets of fair trial and maintaining a

child friendly atmosphere;

(ii) there is no need for trial of the child as

an adult and may conduct an inquiry as a

Board and pass appropriate orders in

accordance with the provisions of section

18.

(2) The Children’s Court shall ensure that

the final order, with regard to a child in

conflict with law, shall include an individual

care plan for the rehabilitation of child,

including follow up by the probation officer

or the District Child Protection Unit or a

social worker.

(3) The Children’s Court shall ensure that

the child who is found to be in conflict with

law is sent to a place of safety till he attains

the age of twentyone years and thereafter,

the person shall be transferred to a jail:

Provided that the reformative services

including educational services, skill

development, alternative therapy such as

counselling, behaviour modification therapy,

and psychiatric support shall be provided to

the child during the period of his stay in the

place of safety.

(4) The Children’s Court shall ensure that

there is a periodic follow up report every year

by the probation officer or the District Child

Protection Unit or a social worker, as

required, to evaluate the progress of the child

in the place of safety and to ensure that

there is no illtreatment to the child in any

form.

(5) The reports under subsection (4) shall be

forwarded to the Children´s Court for record

and follow up, as may be required.

xxx xxx xxx

Rule 10A. Preliminary assessment into

heinous offences by Board

(1) The Board shall in the first instance

determine whether the child is of sixteen

years of age or above; if not, it shall proceed

as per provisions of section 14 of the Act.

(2) For the purpose of conducting a

preliminary assessment in case of heinous

offences, the Board may take the assistance

of psychologists or psychosocial workers or

other experts who have experience of

working with children in difficult

circumstances. A panel of such experts may

be made available by the District Child

Protection Unit, whose assistance can be

taken by the Board or could be accessed

independently.

(3) While making the preliminary

assessment, the child shall be presumed to

be innocent unless proved otherwise.

(4) Where the Board, after preliminary

assessment under section 15 of the Act,

passes an order that there is a need for trial

of the said child as an adult, it shall assign

reasons for the same and the copy of the

order shall be provided to the child

forthwith.”

PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE BOARD

33. In the present case, it is the preliminary assessment

made by the Board under section 15 of the Act, 2015, that the

respondent be tried as an adult, is under consideration.

34. The Board on record had the SIR submitted by the

Probation Officer in the prescribed format. It had also

interacted with the respondent on two occasions, firstly, when

he was produced after being apprehended before the Board

and secondly, at the time when it was conducting preliminary

assessment and allowed the respondent to address the Board.

The Board on 22.11.2017 had also called for report from one

expert psychologist.

35. On behalf of the respondent, applications were filed

before the Board, to comply with the provision of section 74 of

the Act, 2015; another application was filed to provide the

copy of the SIR, a copy of the psychologist report and to lead

evidence in rebuttal; and a third application was filed praying

for deferment of the preliminary assessment till such time the

investigating agency submits its report under rule 10(5) of the

Model Rules. The Board vide order dated 13.12.2017 passed

separate orders on these applications. Firstly, it allowed the

application under section 74 to protect the identity of the

child. Secondly, it rejected the other two applications. In so far

as the application for providing documents was concerned, the

Board observed that access to the same would be given during

the time of hearing for 30 minutes. The third application for

deferment of the proceedings was rejected simpliciter. The

Board thereafter proceeded to pass the order of preliminary

assessment on 20.12.2017.

36. Before the Board, the counsel for the respondent had

raised the following arguments:

(i) The intent of legislature was never to send all

Juveniles above the age of 16 years involved in

heinous offences to be tried as adults.

(ii)The Investigating agency had not completed the

investigation and no interim report or final report

had been placed before the Board.

(iii) There was no compliance of rule 10(5) of the Model

Rules, as such the Board could not proceed with the

preliminary assessment under section 15 as it would

be incapacitated to make an assessment.

(iv) Due and adequate opportunity was not provided as

copies of the SIR and reports of the expert

psychologists were not supplied to the respondent or

his guardian or counsel.

(v) There was no previous history or criminal

antecedents of the respondent. There was no report

of any previous violence by the respondent.

(vi) Even the reports of the experts were not complete

and the recommendation given for further

assessment by superior organization was not

resorted to by the Board.

(vii) The expert reports were not conclusive.

(viii)The SIR reflected that the respondent had good

behavior with friends, teachers and neighbors.

(ix) Lastly, it was argued that the theory propounded

by the CBI that the crime was committed to get the

examinations postponed could not have been a

probable reason.

37. The Board considered all the submissions and after

discussing all the four aspects of section 15 regarding mental

capacity and physical capacity to commit the offence, ability to

understand the consequences of the offence and the

circumstances under which allegedly the offence was

committed, came to the conclusion that respondent should be

tried as an adult and, accordingly, passed an order under

section 18(3). Relevant portion of the Juvenile Justice Board’s

order dated 20.12.2017 is reproduced below:

“13. It is alleged that on dated 08.09.2017,

Juvenile in conflict with law Bholu in the area

of P.S. Bhondsi committed the Murder of

Master Prince in the premises of Ryan

International School, Bhondsi. On the day of

commission of alleged Act age of Juvenile in

conflict with law was above 16 years. It is

relevant to mention here that for the purpose

of preliminary assessment of Juvenile and to

find out what is the physical and mental

capacity of juvenile, ability to understand the

consequences of offence by juvenile and the

circumstances in which he committed the

alleged offence, the juvenile has been heard

personally by the board on 22.11.2017 and

various questions have been put to him in

order to assess his capacity to commit and

understand the consequences of the acts

which culminated in to registration of present

F.I.R. against and juvenile in conflict with law

Bholu gave answer to all questions very

confidently. This board can well recall the time

when juvenile in conflict with law produced

before it during personal hearing of juvenile in

conflict with law, he fairly explained the

circumstances in which he committed the acts

resulted in to present inquiry along with the

manner of commission thereof and now during

the time of recording his statement for

preliminary assessment when juvenile in

conflict with law narrated a different story

excluding his role in the alleged incident well

indicates that juvenile in conflict with law also

knows to cook up a story in order to save

himself which in turn goes to show that he

has adequate mental capacity.

***

16. Over all conclusion of Social Investigation

report of Juvenile in conflict with law shows

that he is below average student in studies

but good in music especially in piano. He is

aggressive in nature and also shouted over

other students. He used to consume liquor

and also used mobile phone in school

premises. He is very short tempered, restless

boy and also lacks stability. Just after alleged

incident he appeared in exam but was upset

and not writing anything in exam and on

asking by teacher Deepshikha he disclosed to

her that he saw a child was fallen and blood

was coming from his body and due to that

reason he was upset. Juvenile also remain

upset due to quarrel between his parents.

17. As per section 15 of the act in order to

preliminary assessment of juvenile in conflict

with law the board can take the assistance of

any psychologist or any other expert. This

board was of the opinion that in this matter

there is need of assistance of a psychologist

for the preliminary assessment of juvenile in

conflict with law so report of psychologist also

sought in this matter. Dr. Joginder Kairo

Clinical Psychologist, P.G.I.M.S., Rohtak in his

report conducted two tests on juvenile in

conflict with law to prepare his report. After

both tests he give his finding that IQ of

juvenile in conflict with law noted to be 95 in

the category of average intellectual

functioning. I.Q95 showing average

intelligence. This report also shows that it is

suggested by the expert that if require further

assessment the juvenile in conflict with law

may be sent to Institute of Mental Health,

University of Health Sciences, Rohtak. This

boards feels it not necessary to sent the

juvenile to Institute of Mental Health,

University of Health Sciences, Rohtak for any

further assessment because from the report of

psychologist it is clear that I.Q. level of

juvenile in conflict with law is average.

18. After having considered all the record and

having heard both the sides and the juvenile

personally, this board is of the considered

opinion that juvenile in conflict with law Bholu

had sufficient mental and physical capacity to

commit the offence alleged against him and

also he had the adequate ability to understand

the consequences of the acts committed by

him.

19. Bholu is well built boy and is studied in

11th class. Juvenile himself stated before this

board that he is physically and mentally fit

and not suffering from any kind of disease.

His I.Q. level shows that he is mentally fit

so it can not be said that he did not know

the consequences of acts alleged to be

committed by him. During the personal

hearing, juvenile admitted that he confessed

before this board but same was under

pressure of CBI. During his statement he was

asked a specific question that he requested

from this board that he wants to reside with

CBI but he answered that he requested as CBI

asked him to do so. It is not possible that CBI

tortured him, beaten him but despite that he

requested to stay with CBI just on their

asking. He also stated that he knew very well

that present case registered upon him

regarding the murder of a child, he do not

knew this name despite the fact that child also

learn music with him. He also stated that he

was the witness of this incident as he saw

Prince first in injured condition. From the

statement of juvenile recorded during his

personal assessment, it indicates that he is

mature enough and all these facts satisfied

this board to conclude that juvenile Bholu

was having sufficient maturity and ability

to understand the consequences of action

on the day of alleged occurrence.

20. In view of the above discussion, this board

of the considered opinion that there is a need

of trial of juvenile in conflict with law

Bholu as an adult. Consequently, in view of

Section 18(3) of Juvenile Justice (Care &

Protection of Children) Act, 2015 the case

stands transferred to the Ld. Special

Children’s Court, Gurugram. Case file be put

up before Ld. District & Sessions Judge,

Gurugram with a request to transfer the same

to Ld. Children Court having jurisdiction to try

the matter. Juvenile in conflict with law Bholu

Singh… Raghav is also directed to produce

before the Ld. District & Sessions Judge,

Gurugram on 22.12.2017. File complete in all

respect be sent to the court of Ld. District &

Sessions Judge, Gurugram well in time.

(emphasis supplied)”

38. In appeal, on behalf of the respondent, similar arguments

were raised before the Children’s Court which also dealt with

the same in detail and approved the decision taken by the

Board. Relevant portion of Children’s Court’s order dated

21.05.2018 is reproduced below: [

“17…………So impugned order cannot be said

as having been passed without any application

of mind and contrary to the statutory

provisions. The statement of the ‘JCL’ before

the Board recorded for the purposes of

preliminary assessment, the Expert Reports,

the sequence of the occurrence running

narrated by the investigating agency all are

well reflecting the mental and physical

capacity of the ‘JCL’ and the circumstances in

which he allegedly committed the murder of

‘Prince’ and his ability to understand the

consequences of said offence and these all are

straightaway running against the appellant.

18. It is not out of place to mention here that

an order qua need for trial of child as an adult

required to be passed by the Board as per

provisions contained under Section 18(3) of

the Act after making a preliminary assessment

in case of heinous offences is only on the basis

of satisfaction of the Board by exercising its

judicious acumen for which calling of expert

opinion is also left at his discretion. By adding

explanation to Section 15(1) it is clarified that

preliminary assessment is not a trial. No right

to second appeal is provided under the Act

against such an order. It all indicated that

intention of legislation is to recognize the

wisdom of the Board regarding forum of trial

of a child falling in the age of 1618 years

running charged with heinous offence. If there

is no blatant misuse of said authority and no

irregularity going to the depth of the matter

the discretion exercised by the Board is

required to be honoured.

19. Before concluding, this court would also

like to comment regarding statutory provisions

contained under Sections 3(x) & 99 of the Act

as learned defence counsel have argued at

length for said provision. As per clause (I) of

Section 99, all reports related to child and

considered by the Committee or the Board

shall be treated as confidential. The proviso

attached to this clause prescribes that

Committee or the Board, as the case may be,

may, if it so thinks fit, communicate the

substance thereof to another Committee, or

Board or to the child or to the child’s parent or

guardian, and may give such Committee or

the Board or the child or parent or guardian,

an opportunity of producing evidence as may

be relevant to the matter stated in the report.

Clause (II) of Section 99 then prescribes that

notwithstanding anything contained in this

Act, the victim shall not be denied access to

their case record, orders and relevant papers.

Learned defence counsel has gone making

much stress over the clause(II) and has gone

asserting that since victim shall not be denied

access to the case record and relevant papers

as Section 3(x) while prescribing general

principles to be followed in administration of

Act recognizes the principle of equality and

postulates that there shall be no

discrimination against a child on any grounds

including sex, caste and equality of access,

opportunity and treatment, so child/’JCL’

should also be given a right of access to the

confidential reports also at par with the victim

which Juvenile Justice Board has denied to

the appellant. This court finds no

discrimination with the child/’JCL’ by the

provisions of Section 99. Once Section 99

declares all reports to be treated as

confidential, then they are confidential for

both the parties and even victim would not be

having a right to obtain the certified copy of

such a report in the name that victim shall not

be denied access to the case record, orders

and relevant papers. The access to the victim

to confidential reports is not permitted in very

words while granting him access to all other

relevant papers and the case record under

clause (II) of Section 99, so clause (I) of Section

99 will prevail which restricts said access to

all and sundry. Since in the present matter no

copy of confidential report has ever been

supplied to victim, so it does lie in the mouth

of appellant/’JCL’ that he is being

discriminated so far the right to access to

confidential reports is concerned.

20. In view of the above discussions, the

impugned order show that the Juvenile

Justice Board has considered the correctness,

legality and propriety of the matter and did

not act with any irregularity at the time giving

findings of fact relating to appellant. There is

no illegality, perversity or infirmity in the

impugned order. The appeal lacks merits and

is liable to be dismissed. The appeal is,

accordingly, dismissed. Papers be tagged with

the main case file of the trial titled as “State

Vs. Bholu” running fixed for 04.07.2018 for

hearing the parties on the aspect of charge.”

39. The order of the Children’s Court dated 21.05.2018 was

challenged by way of criminal revision before the High Court.

The High Court allowed the criminal revision and after setting

aside both the impugned orders passed by the Additional

Sessions Judge as also the Board, remanded the matter to the

Board for fresh consideration after assessing the intelligence,

maturity and physical fitness as to how the child in conflict

with law was in a position to know the consequences. It also

provided that the necessary exercise be taken within a period

of six weeks and further that while conducting the preliminary

assessment the certificate of the psychologist of the

Government hospital be obtained.

40. What weighed before the High Court was:

(i) There was violation of principles of natural justice

and fair play as adequate opportunity was not

provided;

(ii) Copies of documents relied upon by the Board were

not provided to the respondent;

(iii) The reports of the experts were incomplete;

(iv) The recommendation by the expert to refer the

child to higher organization for assessment was

not acted upon by the Board;

(v) The two tests conducted by the experts were

apparently not relevant and related to children of

different ages;

(vi) That the Board and the Children’s Court had no

material before them to assess as to how the

respondent knew the consequences of the offence

and also the circumstances in which he allegedly

committed the offence; and

(vii) The findings by the Board and the Children’s

Court were without any material and reasoning.

41. Relevant extracts from the judgment of the High Court

are as under:

“…The proviso to Section 15 enables the Board to

take the assistance of any experienced

psychologist or other experts to make the

Preliminary Assessment. It is clearly mentioned in

para No.17 of order dated 20.12.2017 passed by

the Board that in case, the opinion/assistance of

any expert is required, the same be taken. It is

necessary to assess the mental capacity of the

juvenile. It was mandatory for the Board to assess

the mental capacity of the alleged offender to

commit such an offence and also the ability to

understand the consequences of the same. It is

also clear from the order that the clinical

psychologist has himself suggested that if any

further assessment is required, the juvenile may

be sent to the Institute of Mental Health at

Rohtak. However, it has completely been ignored

by the Board and the assessment is based on

inappropriate tests, namely, coloured Progressive

Matrices (CPM) and Malin's Intelligence Scale for

India Children (MISIC) meant for children between

the ages of 511½ and 515 has been taken as the

basis for the determination of the mental capacity

of a child of 16½ years. Both the Board as well as

the Appellate Authority have completely ignored

this fact. The petitioner wanted to cross examine

the psychologist regarding the same but his

request was declined and no permission was

granted to him. The social investigation report is

also self contradictory and the same is not worth

considering. The copies of the tests, in question,

were not provided to the

petitioner/parents/guardian but were shown just

prior to the hearing of arguments. It was not

practically possible to understand 35 pages of the

report by any layman in a time period of less than

30 minutes. However, in a time period of 30

minutes, the petitioner got to have a look at the

record of Dr. Joginder Singh Kairo, Clinic

Psychologist. It came out that he had carried the

assessment on the basis of two tests i.e (i)

Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) and (ii)

Malin's Intelligence Scale for Indian Children

(MISIC). The petitioner (represented by his father)

and his counsel were having no idea about these

tests. Subsequently, they tried to find out and

came to know that those tests were absolutely

irrelevant to the case of the petitioner and could

not be used for making the mental assessment of

the petitioner. The basic book on Clinical Child

Psychology written by Radhey Sham and

Azizuddin Khan categorically states that Malin's

test of Intelligence for children is made for 5 to 15

years of children. Since the petitioner was 16.75

years old, when these tests were conducted on

him, which were not correct tests and have

resulted in wrong results. Said expert himself

stated in his report that it would be appropriate

that further assessment be made by a higher

authority. This resulted in the petitioner doubting

the credentials of the so called experts. Only

because of this reason, the petitioner not only

sought copies of the reports but also wanted to

cross examine them so as to check the veracity

and the credentials of the experts and their

reports. However, he was not allowed in spite of

specific request and averments made to that

effect, leading to travesty of justice. The IQ test of

the petitioner was conducted when he was more

than 16 years and 9 months of age. An IQ of 95 at

the age 16.75 would necessarily translate to 15.67

years, going by the formula for determining the

mental age of any child, which is mental

age/Biological Age x 100. This means that the

petitionerchild has been determined to have a

mental age of less than 16 years as per the report

of so called expert. Even as per said report, the

petitioner had to be necessarily treated to be

below 16 years. As the tests in question, in any

case, are for children below the age of 15 years,

the IQ of 95, determined by these tests, would

obviously translate to a mental age of much less

than 15 years in any case….

xxxx

The Appellate Court has further held that there

was no requirement of giving any statement of

witnesses or documents etc. to the

petitioner/guardian/parent, which is absolutely

in contradiction with the provisions of Rule 10(5)

read with Sections 3(iii) and (xvi) read with

Section 8(3) of the Act. As a matter of fact, all

provisions of the Act as well as the Rules made

thereunder have to be read harmoniously, to

achieve the objective of the Act.

However, learned counsel for the respondentCBI

has tried to convince the Court by stating that the

reports/documents are not required to be

supplied by considering the factum of

confidentiality.

The plea of confidentiality as submitted by

learned counsel for the respondentCBI is actually

for the protection of the child from third party by

considering the privacy of the child. It cannot be

interpreted that a delinquent child would not get a

fair hearing, whereas, it is the requirement of

Section 8(3) of the Act that the participation of the

child and the parent or guardian is to be at every

step of the process. Section 3 especially states

that a positive interpretation has to be given to

ensure that an environment is created so that the

child should feel comfortable. The confidentiality

is required with regard to third party just to

protect the interest of the child. All the reports

related to the child and considered by the

Committee or by the Board are required to be

treated as confidential subject to the proviso.

Even the Central Bureau of Investigation has also

admitted in the proceedings before the Board as

well as the Appellate Authority that it does not

have such officers, who are specially trained to

undertake such investigation, involving children.

Meaning thereby, it is clear that the Central

Bureau of Investigation does not have such an

infrastructure to conduct the investigation for

reaching to its logical conclusion keeping in view

the special provisons of the Act. All these grounds

were mentioned before the Appellate Authority but

were not taken into consideration.

The argument raised by learned counsel for the

respondentCBI that this Court has a limited

jurisdiction to invoke in the revision petition, does

not carry any weight because as per provisions of

Section 102 of the Act, in case, there is any

illegality and perversity or there is noncompliance of mandatory provisions, this Court

has a power to exercise the revisional jurisdiction.

This view has been supported by the law laid

down in cases Jagannath Choudhary vs Ramayan

Singh 2002(2) RCR (Criminal) 813 and Rajinder

Singh vs Vishal Dingra 2015(8) RCR (Criminal)

453.

In view of the facts and law position as discussed

above, the present petition is allowed and

impugned order dated 20.12.2017 passed by the

Juvenile Justice Board, Gurugram and order

dated 21.05.2018 passed by the Additional

Sessions Judge, Gurugram are set aside. The case

is remanded back to the Board for afresh

consideration after assessing the intelligency,

maturity, physical fitness as to how the juvenile

in conflict with law was in a position to know the

consequences of the offence. The necessary

exercise be done within a period of six weeks from

the date of receipt of certified copy of the order. It

is also relevant to mention here that while

conducting preliminary assessment, the opinion

of psychologist of the Government hospital be

obtained.”

ARGUMENTS ON BEHALF OF COMPLAINANTAPPELLANT:

42. The arguments of Mr. Sushil Tekriwal, learned counsel

on behalf of the complainantappellant are summarised below:

(i) ‘Best interest of child’ or ‘presumption of innocence’

etc. does not mean immunity from criminal charges.

Intent of the act is to reform the child in conflict

with law and also to subject them to penal

consequences.

(ii) Children aged 1618, prosecuted for heinous

crimes have been assigned a separate class by

legislature, therefore, they may be denied the

protective cover. The purpose of this Act is not to

give shelter to accused of heinous offences.

(iii) The respondent fulfils all the conditions laid

down under section 15 of the Act, 2015 and the

Board had rightly held that he should be tried as

an adult.

(iv) Law is clear that the Board ‘may’ take help of

experienced psychologists, psychosocial workers

or other experts. The word ‘may’ has to be read as

‘may’ only and the legislative competency to make

the enactment in question is not in controversy.

Even section 101(2) of the Act, 2015 uses the word

‘may’ with respect to opinion of medical expert.

(v) Findings of the Medical Board should have been left

to medical experts as Courts have no expertise in

such matters. The opinion of the Medical Board is

final and cannot be questioned before the Court.

(vi) Social and medical report was provided to all the

stakeholders. However, the request for crossexamination was declined on the ground that

section 15 is only a preliminary assessment and

not a trial. Further, according to section 99 of the

Act, 2015 all the reports related to the child

considered by the Board be treated as confidential.

(vii) Revisional jurisdiction of the High Court under

section 102 is limited with regard to the power to

call for and examine the records of an inferior

Court in order to satisfy itself of the legality and

propriety of proceedings or orders made in cases.

(viii) There is no illegality in concurrent findings of

the two Courts below. The High Court broadened

its jurisdiction too far, going into correctness of

the medical board report and the correctness of

various other factual aspects.

(ix)The issue of remanding the case for fresh

consideration is redundant now in terms of its

impossibility of performance.

(x) In support of the above submissions, Mr. Tekriwal

has placed reliance on the following judgments:

(a) Kishan Paswan v. UOI (Civil Misc. W.P. No.

5044 of 2020){paras 28(97) and 35 (v)},

(b) Mukarrab v. State of UP, (2017) 2 SCC 210

(para 27),

and ors. v. S. Balachandran Nair (2005) 13

SCC 128,

(d) Amit Kapoor v. Ramesh Chander & Anr

(2012) 9 SCC 469 (paras 12 and 13),

(e) Rajendra Rajoriya v. Jagat Narain Thapak

and Anr (2018) 17 SCC 234,

(f) Jabar Singh v. Dinesh (2010) 3 SCC 757,

(g) Chandavarkar Sita Ratna Rao v. Ashalata

S. Guram (1986) 4 SCC 447,

(h) Madanlal Fakirchand Dudheya v. S.

Changdeo Sugar Mills, 1962 AIR 1543,

(i) Chinnamar Kathiam v. Ayyavoo, AIR 1982

SC 137,

(j) Jyoti Prakash Rai @ Jyoti Prakash v. State

of Bihar, (2008) 15 SCC 223 and

(k) Kent v. United States (383, US, 541, 1966).

ARGUMENTS ON BEHALF OF CBIAPPELLANT:

43. The arguments of Shri Vikramjit Banerjee, learned

Additional Solicitor General on behalf of the CBIappellant are

summarised below:

(i) The counsel for the CBI drew attention to the

Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Act, 2015,

wherein the systems under the Act, 2000 are

deemed as illequipped to tackle 1618 year old

offenders, and an observation about a rapid

increase in heinous child offenders of the said age is

also elucidated upon.

(ii)The counsel also highlighted the provisions under

section 15 of the said Act which provide for

preliminary assessment on commission of heinous

crimes by children above 16 years to be conducted

by the Board, which ‘may’ take the assistance of

experienced psychologists, psychosocial workers, or

other experts.

(iii) It was also submitted that this preliminary

assessment is distinct from a trial.

(iv) The counsel also referred to section 103 of the Act,

2015, which lays down the requirement to follow as

far as possible, procedure laid down by the Cr.P.C.,

during Board inquiries for trials of summons cases.

(v) The counsel accentuated rules 10 and 10A of the

Model Rules. Rule 10A permits the Board to take

assistance from psychological experts and social

workers while making the preliminary assessment

which has been followed by the Board.

(vi) Rule 10(5) which mandates the Child Welfare Police

Officer to produce the statements of witnesses

recorded by him and other documents produced

during the course of investigation within a month

from the date of the child’s first production before the

Board. Copies of the same to be given to the child or

his parent/guardian, were also brought forth and

highlighted.

(vii) There is no requirement under the Act, 2015 for the

final investigation to be completed before the

preliminary assessment takes place. Moreover, the

Act, 2015 necessitates abidance by the Cr.P.C. to the

maximum extent, therefore, in line with the same,

the accused cannot be provided with the case diary

during investigation. Reference is also made to

section 99 of the Act, 2015 regarding confidentiality.

Hence, the counsel contends that rule 10(5) of the

Model Rules must be read down. The High Court

committed an error in holding otherwise.

(viii) For the preliminary assessment, the Board must

consider the mental and physical capacity of the child

to commit the offence, and this assessment has to be

completed within three months of the child’s first

production before the Board after which, a reassessment is impermissible.

(ix) The judgement of the High Court was also attacked

by asserting that the requirement for crossexamination of the psychologist, and supply of the

expert’s reports to the respondent or his guardians

prior to the passing of the preliminary assessment was

erroneous.

(x)The requirement to complete the investigation within a

month from the first date of production of the child

before the Board and to supply a copy of the final

report to the child or his parents, prior to the making

of the preliminary assessment was also called into

doubt.

(xi) The CBI attempted to prove its proper conduct by

asserting that Bholu was treated in a childfriendly

manner, and examined in line with the Act, 2015 and

was apprehended in the presence of his father and

other requisite authorities.

(xii) The CBI claims that Bholu was interviewed in a

cautious and friendly manner, in the presence of the

Probation and Child Welfare Officer, along with

independent witnesses. Moreover, he voluntarily

admitted his involvement in the murder of Prince, and

was sent to an Observation Home, post his

apprehension, instead of being held in a lock up.

(xiii) Since the CBI was not able to satisfactorily complete

its investigation, the Board granted three days of

judicial custody of Bholu, wherein he was to be

accompanied by a Board member, and placed at Seva

Kutir (Observation Home), post his custody.

(xiv) In support of the above submissions, Mr. Vikramjit

Bannerji has placed reliance on the following

judgments:

(a)Balkaram v. State of Uttarakhand & Ors. (2017)

7SCC 668,

(b)Shilpa Mittal v. State of NCT & Another, Crl.

Appeal No. 34 of 2020,

SCC 620.

ARGUMENTS ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENTBHOLU:

44. The arguments of Mr. Siddharth Luthra, learned Senior

Advocate on behalf of the respondent are summarised below:

(i) The essential modification in the Act, 2015 is the

exception created for the age of 16 to 18 years. In cases of

heinous offences, as defined under section 2(33) of the

Act, 2015, a child can be treated as an adult subject to

the inquiry to be carried out in terms of sections 14 and

15. This Court held that, while interpreting the scheme of

the Act, the interests of children should be protected and

to treat them as adults is an exception to the rule.

(ii) While conducting an inquiry under the Act, the Board

has to keep in mind the overall scheme of the Act.

(iii) The Act, 2015 provides that the Investigating Officer

must be a trained Police Officer, capable of dealing with

children and designated as a Child Welfare Police Officer

(CWPO). However, in this case the IO was not a designated

CWPO under the Act. Section 107 further requires the

creation of a special juvenile police unit to “exclusively

deal with the children” and with “aptitude, appropriate

training and orientation”.

(iv) The child was kept in police lockup and subsequently a

confession was extracted from him which was relied upon

by the Board. The same is contrary to rule 8(3)(v) and to

the principle of presumption of innocence enshrined under

section 3(i) of the Act, 2015 read with rule 10 A (3) of the

Model Rules.

(v) Due to the nonsubmission of documents to the child

prior to the hearing, sections 8(3)(a) and 8(3)(b), section

14(5)(c) as well as section 3 of the Act, 2015 were

violated. Additionally, granting only 30 minutes was

insufficient to peruse and scan through the record.

(vi) On the date of the psychological assessment, the

respondent was aged 16 years and 7 months. However,

the tests administered to him were appropriate for

children upto 11 years (CPM) and 15 years (Malins).

According to the psychologist, Dr Kairo, the respondent

was found to be cooperative and communicative. On the

basis of the tests administered his IQ was noted to be 95,

and it was further noted “If required further assessment,

he may be sent to Institute of Mental Health, University

of Health Sciences, Rohtak.”

(vii) The entitlement of respondent to access the records

before the preliminary assessment takes place, is

challenged by the appellants under section 99 of the Act,

2015. Section 14(5)(c) provides that every child brought

before the Board shall be heard and permitted to

participate in the inquiry and rule 10(5) states that a

copy of the statement of witnesses recorded by him shall

also be given to the child or parent or guardian of the

child.

(viii) Reliance has been placed on the statement of the

Hon’ble Minister for Women and Child Development in the

Lok Sabha during the discussion on the Juvenile Justice

(Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2014 stating that

the assessment of the Board is not onesided and the

Board will take due notice of the views of the child.

(ix) With respect to the plea of CBI to read down rule 10(5) of

the Model Rules, the counsel submitted that reading down

the said rule was not raised before the High Court or this

Court before filing of the written submissions.

Alternatively, a provision can be read down to save it from

being declared unconstitutional or illegal, which is not so

in the present case. There being no challenge towards

constitutionality, any attempt towards this would be in

conflict with the objects of the Act.

(x) By using words such as “clever” and reading the alleged

confession against him being a complete violation of

Article 20(3), the Board has clearly gone contrary to the

principle of presumption of innocence provided under

section 3(i) of the Act, 2015 read with rule 10A(3) Model

Rules and section 3(viii) which mandates that there shall

be no adversarial or accusatory words used in involving a

child.

(xi) The Board failed to take into account the statement of the

respondent that CBI called him inside, beat him up and

asked him to speak and erroneously concluded that the

respondent had sufficient mental and physical capacity to

commit the offence.

(xii) In the order dated 20.12.2017, the Board read the

confession of the respondent against him but later the

Board stated that at this stage it is not to be seen

“whether juvenile in conflict with law is guilty or not, he

confessed or not, if confessed then it was voluntary or

under pressure.”

(xiii) The circumstances in which the child allegedly

committed the offence were not put before the Board nor

was the chargesheet placed to enable it to form its

opinion.

(xiv) The word “may'' occurring in section 15 and section

101(2) has to be construed as “shall”.

(xv) It is to be noted that neither the SIR nor the report of Dr.

Joginder Kairo indicate the mental age of the child. Dr.

Kairo had advised a further assessment but the same was

not done and the Board went ahead with determining the

age of the child.

(xvi) Section 102 of the Act allows for exercise of revisional

jurisdiction on the grounds of legality and propriety. The

High Court correctly noted the perversity in reasoning of

the Board and the Sessions Court, consequently it rightly

set aside the aforementioned orders.

(xvii) Respondent continues to remain in the observation

home and has completed 4.5 years in custody. During his

stay he has interacted with people from all walks of life and

was accused of different heinous offences. It would not be

possible to assess his mental and physical capacity and

understanding at this stage. It would be in the interest of

justice that he may be treated as a child and not as an

adult, since he has lost his valuable right under sections 14

and 15 of the Act, 2015.

(xviii) In support of the above submissions, Mr. Luthra has

placed reliance on the following judgments:

(a)Shilpa Mittal v. State of NCT & Another, Crl.

Appeal No. 34 of 2020(paras 1, 30, 31 and 34),

(b) Bachahan Devi & Anr. v. Nagar Nigam,

Gorakhpur, (2008) 12 SCC 372),

Maharashtra (2013) 6SCC 770 (paras 52 and

53),

(d)State of Bank of Travancore v. Mohammed

Mohammed Khan (1981) 4 SCC 82 (paras 19 to

23)

(e) Som Prakash Rekhi v. Union of India (1981) 1

SCC 449 (para 63)

(f) Pratap Singh v. State of Jharkhand, (2005) 3

SCC 551 (Paras 7 and 10),

(g) Salil Bali v. Union of India & Another, (2013)

7SCC 705 (paras 43 and 63),

(h)Province of Bombay v. Kusaldas S. Advani, 1950

SCR 621 (para 16)

(i) State of Andhra Pradesh v. A.P. Wakf Board,

2022 SCC Online SC159 (para 143),

(j) Superintendent & Remembrancer of legal

affairs West Bengal v. Satyen Bhowmik, (1981)

2SCC 109 (paras 20 to 22),

(k)Nitya Dharamananda v. Gopal Sheelum Reddy,

(2018) 2SCC 93 (paras 5 to 9),

(l) In re: Criminal Trials Guidelines regarding

inadequacies and Deficiencies v. State of

Andhra Pradesh and ors. (2021) 10 SCC 598

(para 11),

(m) Union of India v. INDSwift Laboratories Limited

(2011) 4SCC 635,

(n) Nazir Ahmad v. King Emperor 1936 ILR 372

(pg. 378 to 383)

(o) The King v. Saw Min, 1938 SCC Online Rang 68

(pg. 1,10)

(p)Mahabir Singh v. State of Haryana (2001) 7scc

148 (pg. 19,21,22)

(q) Opto Circuit India Ltd. v. Axis Bank (2021)

6SCC 707 (para 14)

(r) Aloke Nath Dutta & Ors. v. State of Bengal,

(2007) 12 SCC 230 (para 104)

(s) Sharat Babu Diguamarti v. NCT of Delhi, (2017)

2 SCC 18 (para 37),

(t) Philips India Ltd. v. Labour Court (1985) 3SCC

103 (paras 15 to17)

(u) Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Girdharilal

Sapru, (1981) 2 SCC 758 (para 5)

(v) Ramgopal Ganpatrai Ruia v. State of Bombay,

1958 SCR 618 (para 15)

(w) Emperor v. N.G. Chatterji, ILR 1946 ALL

553 (paras 5 to 8, 10, 14),

(x)Krishnan v. Krishnaveni (1997) 4SCC 241 (para

(y) Rajeshwar Singh v. Subrata Roy Sahara (2013)

14 SCC 257 (Para 26);

(z) Ashok Kumar Gupta v State of U.P. 1994 Supp

(1) SCC 145 (Paras 5860);

(aa) Union Carbide Corp. v. Union of India

(1991) 4 SCC 584 (Para 83) and;

(bb) On molding of relief – M. Siddiq (Dead)

Through Legal Representative (Ram

Janmabhumi Temple Case) v. Mahant Suresh

Das & Ors. (2020) 1 SCC 1 (Para 1024,

1026)

ANALYSIS:

EFFECT OF AN ORDER OF PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

45. The order of preliminary assessment decides whether the

child in conflict with law, falling in the age bracket of 1618

years and having committed heinous offence, is to be tried as

an adult by the Children’s Court or by the Board itself,

treating him to be a child. There are two major consequences

provided in the Act, 2015, if the child is tried as an adult by

the Children’s Court. First, that the sentence or the

punishment can go up to life imprisonment if the child is tried

as an adult by the Children’s Court, whereas if the child is

tried by the Board as a child, the maximum sentence that can

be awarded is 3 years. The second major consequence is that

where the child is tried as a child by the Board, then under

section 24(1), he would not suffer any disqualification attached

to the conviction of an offence, whereas the said removal of

disqualification would not be available to a child who is tried

as an adult by the Children’s Court, as per the proviso to

section 24(1). Another consequence, which may also have

serious repercussions, is that as per section 24(2), where the

Board or the Children’s Court, after the case is over, may

direct the police or the registry that relevant records of such

conviction may be destroyed after the period of expiry of

appeal or a reasonable period as may be prescribed. Whereas,

when a child is tried as an adult, the relevant records shall be

retained by the relevant Court, as per the proviso to section

24(2).

46. These consequences are serious in nature and have a

lasting effect for the entire life of the child. It is well settled

that any order that has serious civil consequences, reasonable

opportunity must be afforded. The question is of what would

be a reasonable opportunity in a case where a preliminary

assessment is to be made by the Board under section 15.

SOCIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT (SIR)

47. Preparation of SIR is a statutory requirement for every

child in conflict with law, which is to be prepared by the

Probation Officer or any other agency as may be directed by

the Board. Its format is also provided in Form 6 to the Model

Rules. The object of getting an SIR prepared is to obtain as

much as possible information about the background of the

child. It has as many as 48 columns to be filled up and

thereafter, the Probation Officer is to submit his opinion also.

In the present case, the SIR was submitted by the Legal

Probation Officer on 27.11.2017. The SIR is a relevant

material to be considered by the Board to take a decision while

passing any orders regarding bail or after inquiry or

preliminary assessment.

PSYCHOLOGIST’S REPORT

48. The report of the psychologist dated 05.12.2017 only

spells out the IQ of the child to be 95 and also that further

assessment, if required, could be made. The relevant extracts

from the aforementioned report are reproduced hereunder.

“xxx xxx xxx

For assessment of his mental capacity,

assessment was carried out.

Impression: IQ 95, average intelligence.

xxx xxx xxx

If required further assessment, he may be sent

to the Institute of Mental Health, University of

Health Sciences, Rohtak.

xxx xxx xxx”

49. A perusal of the above report clearly mentions that it was

only for the purpose of assessing the mental capacity of the

child. The report did not mention anything about the child’s

knowledge of the consequences of committing the alleged

offence, nor did it mention about the circumstances leading to

the alleged offence. No such assessment was carried out as,

apparently the Board only required the opinion on the mental

capacity of the child.

NATURAL JUSTICE/REASONABLE OPPURTUNITY

50. The Board and the Children’s Court have relied upon

section 99 of the Act, 2015 to hold that they were not required

to provide the copies of the material on record available in the

form of SIR, the report of the psychologist, and other material.

On the other hand, the High Court relied upon rule 10(5) of

the Model Rules to hold that the documents ought to have

been provided to the child or his guardian or his lawyer as the

case may be, and this having not been done, it was a case

where reasonable opportunity had been denied.

51. Section 99 provides that all reports relating to the child

and considered by the Committee or the Board are to be

treated as confidential. The proviso to section 99(1) gives the

power to the Committee or the Board to communicate the

substance thereof to another Committee or Board or the child,

his parents or guardian, and may also give such Committee or

Board or the child or parent or guardian, an opportunity to

produce evidence as may be relevant to the matter stated in

the report. Section 99(2) states that the victim would not be

denied access to the case record, relevant documents and

papers.

52. Maintaining confidentiality has a different purpose but in

no case can it be said that to maintain confidentiality, the

relevant material would not be provided to the child or his

guardian or parents. It would be in complete contravention of

the settled principles of criminal jurisprudence. Concept of

confidentiality used in section 99 is to prevent the reports from

coming in public domain or shared in public. Its availability

will be confined to the parties to the proceedings and the

parties should also refrain from sharing it with third parties.

Section 99(2) begins with the non obstante clause and

proceeds to direct that the victim should not be denied access

to the case report, orders and relevant papers. Once the

legislature’s intention is to provide material to the victim there

could never be an intention in the name of confidentiality to

deny such access to the records to the child or his parents or

guardians. The Board and the Children’s Court committed an

illegality in not providing the documents as demanded by

misinterpreting section 99 of the Act, 2015.

53. In the present case, the SIR and the report of the expert

psychologist was not provided to the respondent or his parents

or guardians. An application was filed on behalf of the

respondent for supplying such material which was denied by

the Board by a detailed order dated 13.12.2017. The Board

only extended the liberty to the counsel and the parent or the

guardian to look into these reports for 30 minutes before the

hearing commenced.

54. It has been argued on behalf of the respondent that

firstly, these documents ought to have been provided to them;

and secondly, half an hour was too little a time to go through

the contents of the voluminous SIR (running into 35 pages)

which contained several statements; and thirdly, they had no

opportunity to lead evidence in rebuttal by way of crossexamination or submitting documents.

55. Another violation of principles of natural

justice/opportunity addressed on behalf of the respondent was

on the report of the psychologist, which only provided the IQ

level of the child and nothing more. An application was also

filed on behalf of the respondent to lead evidence in rebuttal to

the report of the psychologist and to crossexamine the

psychologist as the tests applied by the psychologist in his

report were not the relevant tests for a child aged 16.5 years.

The tests applied were applicable to children up to the age of

15 years. This request made on behalf of the respondent was

also denied by the Board by a detailed order dated 13.12.2017.

56. Another aspect urged on behalf of the respondent was to

the effect that the report of the psychologist

suggested/recommended that the child may be got examined

further by the Institute of Mental Health, University of Health

Sciences, Rohtak. According to the learned counsel for the

respondent, the Board committed an error by not getting

further examination carried out by a superior institution. Once

the psychologist carrying out the tests had given a report and

he was himself not sure of his own report and had suggested

for assessment by a superior institution, the Board ought to

have obtained further report.

57. Yet another aspect which goes to violation of a fair

opportunity was, rejection of the application filed on behalf of

the respondent before the Board to defer the proceedings of

preliminary assessment till such time the compliance of rule

10(5) of the Model Rules is not made. The material collected by

the Child Welfare Police Officer in the form of statement of

witnesses and other documents during the course of

investigation which was to be made within a period of one

month, ought to have been awaited and a copy of the same

should have been provided to the respondent or his parents or

guardian as this would be relevant for preliminary assessment.

58. In view of the above, the argument of Mr. Vikramjit

Banerjee, learned counsel for CBI, on two counts needs to be

rejected. Firstly, rule 10(5) of the Model rules should be read

down as being in conflict with section 99 of the Act, 2015 and

secondly, that no material collected during investigation could

be provided to the accused till such time the police report

under section 173(2) Cr.P.C. is filed and the cognizance is

taken by the Magistrate under section 190 and the stage of

section 207/208 Cr.P.C. is reached. The Act, 2015, being a

special Act, will have an overriding effect over general

procedure prescribed under the Cr.P.C.. The provisions of the

Cr.P.C. would be applicable so long and so far as they are not

in conflict with the special provisions contained in the Act,

2015.

TIMELINE

59. There is a timeline provided for the inquiry, submission

of the SIR, preliminary assessment and the investigation

under the Act, 2015 and the Model Rules:

i. The inquiry by the Board under section 14(1) is to be

completed within a period of four months from the date of

first production of the child before the Board, and it

could be extended by a period of two more months by the

Board for the reasons to be recorded as per section 14(2).

ii. Section 14(3) provides that a preliminary assessment

under section 15 should be disposed of by the Board

within a period of three months from the date of first

production of the child before the Board.

iii. Under section 14(4) it is provided that if the inquiry by

the Board under section 15 for petty offences remains

inconclusive even after the extended period, the

proceedings shall stand terminated.

iv. Under the proviso to section 14(4) dealing with the

serious or heinous offences, in case the Board requires

further period of time for completion of inquiry, the same

may be granted by the Chief Judicial Magistrate or, as

the case may be, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, for

reasons to be recorded.

v. Under section 8(3)(e), SIR is to be submitted by the

Probation Officer or the Child Welfare Officer or a social

worker within a period of fifteen days from the date of

first production of the child before the Board.

vi. In rule 10(5) of the Model Rules, in case of heinous

offences committed by a child between the age of 16 to 18

years, the Child Welfare Police Officer shall produce the

statement of witnesses recorded by him and other

documents prepared during the course of investigation

within a period of one month from the date of first

production of the child before the Board.

60. The timeline given under the various provisions as

referred to above, has a rationale. The SIR to be submitted

within fifteen days would facilitate the Board in taking a

decision on the request for bail at the earliest. The period of

one month given under rule 10(5) is to facilitate the Board to

take a decision may be on a pending bail matter or for

preliminary assessment for which three months’ time is

provided. The completion of inquiry within four months or any

extended period is to ensure that a child is not subjected to

unnecessary long and lengthy processes of trials and inquiries

and that the matter is taken to its logical conclusion at the

earliest.

61. In the present case, despite request of the respondent to

defer the preliminary assessment till such time as the material

under rule 10(5) was provided, was rejected by the Board on

13.12.2017 and the Board proceeded to make an order of

preliminary assessment within a week thereafter on

20.12.2017. The child had been taken into custody and was

produced before the Board for the first time on 08.11.2017.

The three months’ period for preliminary assessment would

have continued till 07.02.2018. The Board could have, rather

ought to have, waited for the report and material under rule

10(5) of the Model Rules. Similarly, once the report of the

psychologist suggested that if further examination is required

then the respondent ought to have been referred to a

specialised institute in Rohtak but this suggestion was also

not accepted by the Board without cogent reason.

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

62. The obligation of the Board in making the preliminary

assessment on the four counts mentioned in section 15 of the

Act is largely dependent upon the wisdom of the Board without

there being any guidelines as to how the Board would conduct

such preliminary assessment. In the absence of any such

framework or guidelines, the Board has to use its discretion in

taking into consideration whatever material it deems fit for

assessing the four attributes.

(a)In the present case, the Board and the Children’s Court,

relying upon the statement given by the child at the time

of first appearance before the Board, the second

statement given by the child at a later stage, the SIR and

the report of the psychologist indicating an IQ level of 95,

have held that the respondent had the mental capacity

to commit the offence.

(b) Insofar as the physical capacity is concerned, the Board

and the Children’s Court have taken into consideration

the built of the child and his age to hold that he had the

physical capacity to commit the nature of the alleged

assault.

(c)The Board relied upon the fact that the respondent was

studying in class 11th; he had stated that he is physically

and mentally fit and not suffering from any disease; his

IQ level shows that he is mentally fit and as such it

cannot be said that he did not know the

consequences of the alleged offence to be committed

by him. From the statement of the respondent recorded

during his personal assessment, it was indicated that he

was mature enough. All these facts satisfied the Board

that the respondent was having sufficient maturity

and ability to understand the consequences of his

action.

(d) The order of the Board does not anywhere refer to its

assessment regarding the circumstances in which the

respondent allegedly committed the offence. However,

what appears is that the Board relied upon the SIR.

63. In the present case, the Board and the Children’s Court

relied heavily on the psychologist’s report which only reflected

the IQ of the respondent to be of average level bearing a score

of 95 to hold that the respondent had the mental capacity to

commit the offence and also ability to know the consequences

of the offence. The Board and the Children’s Court both have

also recorded that the recommendation of the psychologist to

send the respondent for further assessment to the Institute of

Mental Health, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak was not

necessary as, according to them, the IQ findings were

sufficient for them to arrive at the preliminary assessment.

64. Section 15 and rule 10A provide that the Board may take

the assistance of psychologists, psychosocial workers, or

other experts who had experience of working with children in

difficult circumstances. According to the learned counsel for

the appellants, the word ‘may’ should be read as ‘may’ only

i.e., the Board in its discretion may or may not take the

assistance of such experts whereas on behalf of the

respondent, it has been strenuously contended that the word

‘may’ should be read as ‘shall’ and it should be mandatory for

the Board to take opinion or assistance from such experts

before passing an order of preliminary assessment. This

aspect is dealt with at a later stage.

65. While considering a child as an adult one needs to look at

his/her physical maturity, cognitive abilities, social and

emotional competencies. It must be mentioned here that from

a neurobiological perspective, the development of cognitive,

behavioural attributes like the ability to delay gratification,

decision making, risk taking, impulsivity, judgement, etc.

continues until the early 20s. It is, therefore, all the more

important that such assessment is made to distinguish such

attributes between a child and an adult.

66. Cognitive maturation is highly dependent on hereditary

factors. Emotional development is less likely to affect cognitive

maturation. However, if emotions are too intense and the child

is unable to regulate emotions effectively, then intellectual

insight/knowledge may take a back seat.

67. We are in agreement with the reasoning given by the High

Court that further assessment ought to have been carried out

once the psychologist had recommended so and had also

suggested the name of the institute. The Board and the

Children’s Court apparently were of the view that the mental

capacity and the ability to understand the consequences of the

offence were one and the same, that is to say that if the child

had the mental capacity to commit the offence, then he

automatically had the capacity to understand the

consequences of the offence. This, in our considered opinion,

is a grave error committed by them.

68. The language used in section 15 is “the ability to

understand the consequences of the offence”. The expression

used is in plurality i.e., “consequences” of the offence and,

therefore, would not just be confined to the immediate

consequence of the offence or that the occurrence of the

offence would only have its consequence upon the victim but it

would also take within its ambit the consequences which may

fall upon not only the victim as a result of the assault, but also

on the family of the victim, on the child, his family, and that

too not only immediate consequences but also the farreaching

consequences in future. Consequences could be in

material/physical form but also affecting the mind and the

psychology of the child for all times to come. The

consequences of the offence could be numerous and manifold

which cannot be just linked to a framework; and, for this

purpose, the overall picture as also future consequences with

reference to the facts of the case are required to be consciously

analysed by the Board.

69. Consequences for the victim could be his death, or

permanent physical disability, or an injury which could be

repaired or recovered; the impact of the offence on the mind of

the victim may be prolonged and continue for his lifetime; the

impact on the family and friends of the victim, both mental

and financial; consequence on the child going into

incarceration; mental impact on the child, it could be

repentance or remorse for life, the social stigma cast on the

child and his family members; the consequences of litigating

and so many other things which would be difficult to

adumbrate.

70. A child with average intelligence/IQ will have the

intellectual knowledge of the consequences of his actions. But

whether or not he is able to control himself or his actions will

depend on his level of emotional competence. For example,

risky driving may result in an accident. But if emotional

competence is not high, the urge for thrill seeking may get the

better of his intellectual understanding.

71. Children may be geared towards more instant

gratification and may not be able to deeply understand the

longterm consequences of their actions. They are also more

likely to be influenced by emotion rather than reason.

Research shows that young people do know risks to

themselves. Despite this knowledge, adolescents engage in

riskier behaviour than adults (such as drug and alcohol use,

unsafe sexual activity, dangerous driving and/or delinquent

behaviour). While they do consider risks cognitively (by

weighing up the potential risks and rewards of a particular

act), their decisions / actions may be more heavily influenced

by social (e.g. peer influences) and/or emotional (e.g.

impulsive) tendencies. In addition, the lack of experience

coupled with the child’s limited ability to deeply understand

the longterm consequences of their actions can lead to

impulsive / reckless decision making.

72. Coming to the last count, i.e., the assessment regarding

the circumstances in which the offence is alleged to be

committed is again an attribute which could have many

factors to be considered before such an assessment could be

made. There could be a number of reasons for a person to

commit a crime. It could be enmity, it could be poverty, it

could be greed, it could be perversity in mind and many

others. There could be coercion. There could be threat to one’s

life and property. There could be allurement in terms of the

material and physical gains. Crime could be committed on

account of stress or depression also. It could be on account of

the company that one keeps. One could commit crime in

order to help his family and friends. All these and many more

could be termed as circumstances leading to the commission

of crime.

73. The preliminary assessment has been a question of

debates, analysis and research. The National Law University,

Orissa, in collaboration with UNICEF, made a detailed study

on the practice of preliminary assessment under the Act,

2015. To the said report is annexed as Annexure 4, the

Guidance Notes on Preliminary Assessment Reports for

Children in Conflict in Law developed by the Department of

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS9

, Bengaluru. It

would be worthwhile to mention here that NIMHANS,

Bengaluru is one of the premier institutions involved in the

9 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences.

research and study of psychology, and is a worldrenowned

centre for mental health, neurosciences and allied fields. The

contents of the Guidance Notes referred to above are

reproduced below

“Guidance Notes on

Preliminary Assessment Report for Children in Conflict

with Law

Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS,

Bengaluru

The preliminary assessment uses information from the detailed

psychosocial and mental health assessment (that is done first)

and presents that information as outlined below.

A. Mental & Physical Capacity to Commit Alleged Offence

The child’s ability to make social decisions and judgments

are compromised due to:

(i) Life skills deficits (emotional dysregulation/ difficulty

coping with peer pressure/ assertiveness & negotiation

skills /problemsolving/ conflictresolution/ decisionmaking).

(ii) Neglect / poor supervision by family/poor family role

models

(iii) Experiences of abuse and trauma

(iv) Substance abuse problems

(v) Intellectual disability

(vi) Mental health disorder/ developmental disability

(vii) Treatment/ interventions provided so far

Guidance Notes

For this section, the professional filling out the

preliminary assessment form is simply required to mark

off against each item (a tick mark to indicate ‘yes’ and an

X mark to indicate ‘no’) whether or not the child is

compromised in this particular area. The information is

drawn from relevant sections of the detailed psychosocial

and mental health proforma, which contain information

on: how a child’s abilities to make appropriate social

decisions and judgements (which translate into actions

and behaviours) have been affected by the child’s life

circumstances and mental health or developmental

problems.

For item (i) on life skills deficits, refer to Section 6, ‘Life

Skills Deficits and Other Observations of the Child’ and

subsection 6.1. on ‘Life Skills Deficits’.

For item (ii), refer to Section 2, subsection 2.1. on ‘Family

Issues Identified’. For item (iii) on experiences of abuse

and trauma, refer to Section 3, ‘Trauma Experiences:

Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse Experiences’.

For items (iv) and (vi) on substance abuse problems and

mental health disorders/ developmental disability, refer

to Section 5, ‘Mental Health Concerns’.

For item (v) on intellectual disability, you may rely on

your judgement based on your interaction with the child

during the entire process of administering the

psychosocial and mental health proforma—if the child

was unable to respond to most questions or responded 2

in an ageappropriate manner (like a younger child

would, demonstrating little understanding of many things

asked or discussed), then you may suspect that he/she

has intellectual disability. (Following this, it would be

useful and necessary to confirm this through relevant IQ

testing conducted by psychologists located in mental

health facilities).

For item (vii), you may have enquired from the child,

during the assessment, about whether he/she has

received any professional assistance or treatment for any

mental health issues/ family problems or life skills

deficits that he/she has. (Generally, children in the

Observation Home have never received any treatment or

interventions for their problems).

In actual fact, everyone, except someone with serious

physical disability (the type that severely impacts

locomotor skills) or with intellectual disability, has the

mental and physical capacity to commit offence. So, to

ask whether a given child has the mental and physical

capacity to commit offence, in simplistic terms, is likely to

elicit the answer ‘yes’ in most cases. And just because

someone has the physical and mental capacity to commit

an offence, does not mean that they will or that they

have. Therefore, a dichotomous response as elicited by

this question posed by the JJ Act is of little use in making

decisions regarding child who has come into conflict with

the law. Thus, in response to the problems resulting from

a simplistic dichotomous response to the physicalmental

capacity question, we have adopted a more detailed,

descriptive and nuanced interpretation.

As per the preliminary assessment report we have

developed, mental and physical capacity to commit

offence is the ability of a child to make social decisions

and judgments, based on certain limitations that the child

may have. In other words, a child’s abilities to make

social decisions and judgments are compromised due to

life skills deficits, neglect / poor supervision by

family/poor family role models, experiences of abuse and

trauma, substance abuse problems, intellectual

disability, and/or mental health disorder/ developmental

disability. Such issues (if untreated) adversely impact

children’s world view, and their interactions with their

physical and social environment, thereby placing them at

risk of engaging in antisocial activities.

B. Circumstances of Alleged Offence

(i) Family history and relationships (child’s living

arrangements, parental relationships, child’s emotional

relationship & attachment to parents, illness & alcoholism in

the family, domestic violence and marital discord if any).

(ii) School and education (child’s school attendance, Last

grade attended, reasons for child not attending schoolwhether it is due to financial issues or lack of motivation,

school refusal, corporal punishment).

(iii) Work experience/ Child labour (why the child had to

work/ how child found the place of work, where he was

working / hours of work and amount of remuneration

received, was there any physical/emotional abuse by the

employer and also regarding negative influence the child

may have encountered in the workplace regarding substance

abuse etc).

(iv) Peer relationships (adverse peer influence in the context

of substance use/ rulebreaking/inappropriate sexual

behaviour/school attendance)

(iv) Experiences of trauma and abuse (physical, sexual &

emotional Abuse experiences) 3 (vi) Mental health disorders

and developmental disabilities: (Mental health disorders and

developmental disabilities that the child may have).

Guidance Notes

All of the above information for this section is to be

documented as it is in the detailed psychosocial and mental

health assessment, drawing on relevant sections from the

detailed assessment, so as to present the factors and

circumstances that made the child vulnerable to committing

offence.

Information for the first four heads needs to be drawn from

Section 2, Social History, of the psychosocial and mental

health proforma—which contains details on family, school,

institution and peer issues; Information for the fifth item on

trauma, needs to be drawn from Section 3, Trauma

Experiences: Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse

Experiences’ of the psychosocial assessment form;

For the sixth item on Mental Health Disorders, Section 5,

‘Mental Health Concerns’ (including substance abuse) from

the psychosocial assessment form, would need to be used.

It is important to recognize that ‘Circumstances of the

Offence’ does NOT refer to proximal factors i.e. what

happened right before the offence incident took place. This is

because proximal factors have a history which is important

to recognize—there is a whole set of factors and life events

that led up to the decisions and actions to just before the

offence as well as the offence itself. Therefore,

‘circumstances’ are interpreted as life circumstances and a

longitudinal approach is taken to understanding

vulnerabilities and pathways to offences. This entails events

and circumstances starting from the child’s birth (or starting

with the mother’s pregnancy experiences) to the current

date. This is the universal approach to historytaking in child

and adolescent mental health, to be able to understand

children’s emotions and behaviours based on their contexts

and experiences, as they have played out over several years

(and so it is not actually specific to children in conflict with

the law).

C. Child’s Knowledge of Consequences of Committing

the Alleged Offence

(A brief about the child’s understanding of social/

interpersonal and legal consequences of committing offence

along with the child’s insights regarding committing such an

offence).

Guidance Notes

This is based on the ‘Potential for Transformation’ section in

the detailed psychosocial and mental health assessment, as

well as the first level interventions provided immediately

after. How the child responded during the assessment i.e.

extent of his/her insight and motivation, must be

documented here.

Social and interpersonal consequences refer to the child’s

sense of empathy and understanding of how his/her actions

would (negatively) impact his/her relationship with family,

friends and others; legal consequences refer to the child’s

understanding of his/her actions as being a boundary

violation/ breaking of rules with serious negative

consequences for himself/herself, including punishment and

coming into conflict with the law.

D. Other Observations & Issues

Guidance Notes

Any other observation made during the assessment

regarding the child’s social temperament/ child’s behaviour

in the observation home/ level of motivation for change/ if

any positive behaviour noted is also provided. This may be

drawn from Section 6 of the psychosocial and mental health

proforma, on ‘Life Skills Deficits and Other Observations of

the Child’, subsection 6.2 ‘Other Observations of the Child’.

These refer not just to negative observations but also to

positive ones you might have made during the assessment.

Observations may thus include the child’s demeanour, or

any views or ideologies that the child may have expressed

regarding problem behaviours such as violence or abuse—

which may better help understand who he/she is (and help

the magistrate view the offence behaviour from varied

perspectives). They may also include any odd behaviours

that you observe which might help substantiate the evidence

on mental health disorders and developmental disabilities—

for instance, if the child’s responses appear socially and

cognitively inappropriate to his age, you may note possible

intellectual disability; or if a child appears disoriented in

terms of place and time or has marks of selfharm on his

body, then you might note mental health issues.

E. Recommendations

Guidance Notes

Finally, the report makes recommendations for treatment

and rehabilitation interventions for the child, based on the

interests and desires of the child. These could pertain to

placement, living arrangements, education and schooling,

counselling for parents, referral to a tertiary facility for

further mental health and psychosocial care and treatment.

This subsection is critical as it provides the JJB magistrate

with clear direction on what assistance the child requires,

thus creating an imperative for the board to consider options

and respond in ways that are supportive and proactive

(versus making decisions of transfer to the adult justice

system).

JJB magistrates may be requested to refer the child to a

psychiatric facility for treatment, so that other issues

pertaining to family and school can also be taken care of by

the mental health system, which is then obligated to report

to the JJB on the child’s progress. In many instances, JJB

magistrates have issued a conditional bail to ensure that the

child and family follow through with mental health services

as required i.e. bail is given to the child on condition that

he/she presents at the mental health facility and complies

with treatment (if the child refuses to do so, the magistrate

can revoke the bail). Thus, there are adequate provisions

under the JJ Act, which if effectively invoked, can be used to

protect CICL from transfer to adult systems, and to facilitate

their rehabilitation instead.

PROVISO TO SECTION 15(1) DIRECTORY OR MANDATORY:

74. The world acknowledges that children in conflict with law

should be treated differently than adults in conflict with law.

The reason is that the mind of the child has not attained

maturity and it is still developing. Therefore, the child should

be tested on different parameters and should be given an

opportunity of being brought into the main stream if, during

his juvenility, has acted in conflict with law. To understand

psychology of the child, huge rounds of studies have been

made not only recently but from age old times and child

psychology is a subject which is being studied world over and

there are institutes specifically dealing with the developments

and research on the said subject. The enactments dealing

with children are enacted world over.

75. It is to be noted that child psychology is a specialised

branch of development psychology, its genesis is based on the

premise that children and adults have a different thought

process. The individualised assessment of adolescent mental

capacity and ability to understand the consequences of the

offence is one of the most crucial determinants of the

preliminary assessment mandated by section 15 of the Act,

2015. The report of the preliminary assessment decides the

germane question of transferring the case of a child between

16 to 18 years of age to the Children’s Court. This evaluation

of ‘mental capacity and ability to understand the

consequences’ of the child in conflict with law can, in no way,

be relegated to the status of a perfunctory and a routine task.

The process of taking a decision on which the fate of the child

in conflict with law precariously rests, should not be taken

without conducting a meticulous psychological evaluation.

76. As already noticed, the Board consists of three members,

one is a Judicial Officer First Class and two social workers,

one being a woman. The social worker appointed as a member

could be having a degree in child psychology or psychiatry but

it is not necessary. As such, the constitution of the Board may

not necessarily be having an expert child psychologist. It is for

all the above reasons that it has been provided not only in

sections 15 and 101(2) but also under the Model Rules that

assistance may be taken from an expert psychologist. Having

regard to the framework of the Act, 2015 and the Model Rules

and the purpose of preliminary assessment in terms of Section

15 as also looking to the varied composition of the Board, we

are of the view that where the Board is not comprising of a

practicing professional with a degree in child psychology or

child psychiatry, the expression “may” in the proviso to section

15(1) would operate in mandatory form and the Board would

be obliged to take assistance of experienced psychologists or

psychosocial workers or other experts. However, in case the

Board comprises of at least one such member, who has been a

practicing professional with a degree in child psychology or

child psychiatry, the Board may take such assistance as may

be considered proper by it; and in case the Board chooses not

to take such assistance, it would be required of the Board to

state specific reasons therefor.

77. It is a well settled principle of interpretation that the word

‘may’ when used in a legislation by itself does not connote a

directory meaning. If in a particular case, in the interests of

equity and justice it appears to the court that the intent of the

legislature is to convey a statutory duty, then the use of the

word “may” will not prevent the Court from giving it a

mandatory colour. This Court in Bachahan Devi v. Nagar

Nigam, Gorakhpur10

, held as under:

“18. It is well settled that the use of the word “may” in

a statutory provision would not by itself show that the

provision is directory in nature. In some cases, the

legislature may use the word “may” as a matter of pure

conventional courtesy and yet intend a mandatory force.

In order, therefore, to interpret the legal import of the

word “may”, the court has to consider various factors,

namely, the object and the scheme of the Act, the

context and the background against which the words

have been used, the purpose and the advantages

sought to be achieved by the use of this word, and the

like. It is equally well settled that where the word “may”

involves a discretion coupled with an obligation or

where it confers a positive benefit to a general class of

subjects in a utility Act, or where the court advances a

remedy and suppresses the mischief, or where giving

the words directory significance would defeat the very

object of the Act, the word “may” should be interpreted

to convey a mandatory force. As a general rule, the

word “may” is permissive and operative to confer

discretion and especially so, where it is used in

juxtaposition to the word “shall”, which ordinarily is

imperative as it imposes a duty. Cases, however, are

not wanting where the words “may”, “shall” and “must”

are used interchangeably. In order to find out whether

these words are being used in a directory or in a

mandatory sense, the intent of the legislature should be

looked into along with the pertinent circumstances.”

78. Similarly, this Court in Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd. v.

State of U.P.11

, held:

10 (2008) 12 SCC 372

11 (2007) 8 SCC 338

“36. ….In our judgment, mere use of word “may” or

“shall” is not conclusive. The question whether a

particular provision of a statute is directory or

mandatory cannot be resolved by laying down any

general rule of universal application. Such controversy

has to be decided by ascertaining the intention of the

legislature and not by looking at the language in which

the provision is clothed. And for finding out the

legislative intent, the court must examine the scheme of

the Act, purpose and object underlying the provision,

consequences likely to ensue or inconvenience likely to

result if the provision is read one way or the other and

many more considerations relevant to the issue.”

79. Therefore, looking to the purpose of the Act, 2015 and its

legislative intent, particularly to ensure the protection of best

interest of the child, the expression “may” in the proviso to

Section 15(1) thereof and the requirement of taking assistance

of experienced psychologists or psychosocial workers or other

experts would operate as mandatory unless the Board itself

comprises of at least one member who is a practicing

professional with a degree in child psychology or child

psychiatry. Moreover, in case the Board, in view of its own

composition with at least one member, who is a practicing

professional with a degree in child psychology or child

psychiatry, chooses not to take such assistance, it would

record specific reasons therefor.

80. Before we close, it would be pertinent to mention that the

case laws relied upon by the learned counsel for the parties do

not require deliberation in view of the findings recorded by us

on various issues.

CONCLUSION

81. We are conscious of the fact that the power to make the

preliminary assessment is vested in the Board and also the

Children’s Court under sections 15 and 19 respectively. The

Children’s Court, on its own, upon a matter being referred to

under section 18(3), would still examine whether the child is to

be tried as an adult or not, and if it would come to the

conclusion that the child was not to be tried as an adult then

it would itself conduct an inquiry as a Board and pass

appropriate orders under section 18. Thus, the power to carry

out the preliminary assessment rests with the Board and the

Children’s Court. This Court cannot delve upon the exercise of

preliminary assessment. This Court will only examine as to

whether the preliminary assessment has been carried out as

required under law or not. Even the High Court, exercising

revisionary power under section 102, would test the decision

of the Board or the Children’s Court with respect to its legality

or propriety only. In the present case, the High Court has,

after considering limited material on record, arrived at a

conclusion that the matter required reconsideration and for

which, it has remanded the matter to the Board with further

directions to take additional evidence and also to afford

adequate opportunity to the child before taking a fresh

decision.

82. In arriving at the conclusion, the High Court firstly held

that there was denial of adequate opportunity to the

respondent. The list of documents, copies of the documents,

copies of the statement, the SIR not being provided to the

respondent, was in clear violation of rule 10(5) of the Model

Rules.

83. Despite specific request for crossexamining the experts

who had given the report, the same was not provided to the

respondent. The tests conducted by the expert psychologists

were not applicable or could not have been applied to a child

above the age of 15 years. It could have been applied only for

children below the age of up to 15 years in one test and up to

11.5 years in the other test. The psychologist had suggested

for further assessment by a superior facility, which was not

accepted by the Board without cogent reason.

84. The mental age as per the applicable formula based on

the IQ of the child would be less than 16 years. The Board,

provided only 30 minutes time to the child, his lawyer, his

father and also to the counsel for CBI to peruse the 35 pages

of the report, which was too little to peruse and comprehend

and give any evidence in rebuttal. The CBI counsel had

admitted that it did not have officers or the required

infrastructure to conduct the investigation under the Act,

2015. For all the above reasons, the High Court remitted the

matter to the Board after setting aside both the orders of the

Board and the Children’s Court to consider afresh and assess

the intelligence, maturity, physical fitness and as to how the

child in conflict with law was in a position to know the

consequences of the offence. The exercise was to be

undertaken within a period of six weeks. The High Court

further directed that while conducting the preliminary

assessment afresh, opinion of the psychologist of the

Government Hospital (Institute of Mental Health, University of

Health Sciences, Rohtak) be obtained. This Court may not

agree with the reasoning given by the High Court on all counts

and also the direction given for conducting further tests.

However, we have no hesitation in agreeing with the ultimate

result of the High Court in remanding the matter for a fresh

consideration after rectifying the errors on lack of adequate

opportunity.

85. The High court taking into consideration all these aspects

set aside the order of the Board, and remanded the matter and

also directed for getting further examination of the child, and

this exercise was to be undertaken within 6 weeks. Today,

after 3½ years, we are not in a position to give an opinion as to

whether any further test can be carried out at this stage as the

age of the child is now more than 21 years. However, we leave

it to the discretion of the Board or the psychologist who may

be consulted as to whether any fresh examination would be of

any relevance/assistance or not. We have already referred to

in detail the kind of analysis or assessment required to be

made under section 15. The Act, 2015 or the Model Rules do

not lay down any guidelines or framework to facilitate the

Board in making a proper preliminary assessment on the

relevant aspects. The only liberty given to the Board is to

obtain assistance of an experienced psychologist or a psychosocial worker or other expert. In the present case, the only

assistance taken is to get the mental IQ of the child. Beyond

that, regarding the ability to understand the consequences

and also the circumstances in which the alleged offence was

committed, no report was called for from any psychologist.

86. In view of the above, both the appeals are dismissed.

87. Before concluding, we may indicate that the task of

preliminary assessment under section 15 of the Act, 2015 is a

delicate task with requirement of expertise and has its own

implications as regards trial of the case. In this view of the

matter, it appears expedient that appropriate and specific

guidelines in this regard are put in place. Without much

elaboration, we leave it open for the Central Government and

the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights and the

State Commission for Protection of Child Rights to consider

issuing guidelines or directions in this regard which may

assist and facilitate the Board in making the preliminary

assessment under section 15 of the Act, 2015.

88. We also make it clear that any observations made in our

order which may be touching the merits of the case was only

for the purpose of deciding these appeals and the same would

in no way influence the Board or the Children’s Court or the

High Court. They may proceed to decide the matters

objectively on merits in accordance with law.

………..........................J.

[DINESH MAHESHWARI]

………….........................J.

[VIKRAM NATH]

NEW DELHI

JULY 13, 2022.

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BARUN CHANDRA THAKUR VERSUS MASTER BHOLU & ANR.

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