UTTAR HARYANA BIJLI VITRAN NIGAM LTD. AND ANOTHER VS ADANI POWER (MUNDRA) LIMITED AND ANOTHER

UTTAR HARYANA BIJLI VITRAN NIGAM LTD. AND ANOTHER  VS ADANI POWER (MUNDRA) LIMITED AND ANOTHER

Landmark Cases of India / सुप्रीम कोर्ट के ऐतिहासिक फैसले



Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 7129 OF 2021
UTTAR HARYANA BIJLI VITRAN NIGAM
LTD. AND ANOTHER … Appellants
Versus
ADANI POWER (MUNDRA) LIMITED
AND ANOTHER …. Respondents
J U D G M E N T
HIMA KOHLI, J.
1. The appellants are aggrieved by the judgment and order dated
12th August, 2021, passed by the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity, New
Delhi1
, allowing the appeal filed by the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power
(Mundra) Limited2
 against the order dated 28th March, 2018 (in Petition
No. 104/MP/2017) and order dated 06th June, 2019 (in Petition No.
214/MP/2018) passed by the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission3
.
1 in short ‘Appellate Tribunal’
2 in short ‘Adani Power’
3 In short ‘Central Commission’
Page No. 1 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
2. It may be stated at the outset that the scope of the present appeal
is restricted to the decision of the Appellate Tribunal of granting carrying
cost interest on compounding basis in favour of the respondent No. 1 –
Adani Power from the date on which the Change in Law event took
place i.e. 29th January, 2014, till the date of actual payment of the
amount determined by the Central Commission. Stated differently, while
the appellants are not disputing grant of interest to the respondent No. 1
– Adani Power by way of carrying cost from the date on which the
Change of Law event took place till the actual payment of the amount
determined by the Central Commission, their grievance is that the
Appellate Tribunal has not just permitted carrying cost on simple interest
basis, but has imposed interest on carrying cost or what is commonly
known as interest on interest (compound interest) on carrying cost.
3. To contextualize the aforesaid dispute, a brief conspectus of the
relevant facts of the case may be outlined. The respondent No. 1 –
Adani Power is a power generating company that has set up a 4620 MW
(comprising of four units of 330 MW and five units of 660 MW), coal fired
power plant in Mundra, Gujarat. The appellants are the distribution
licensees that are supplying electricity to the consumers in the State of
Haryana. On 07th August, 2008 the appellants entered into two Power
Purchase Agreements4
 with the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power for
4 In short ‘PPAs’
Page No. 2 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
procurement of contracted capacity of 1424 MW from the generating
units 7, 8 and 9 established at Mundra, Gujarat. In the year 2010, on
account of Environment Clearance dated 20th May, 2010, given by the
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Union of India, a Change in Law
event took place as the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power had to incur
additional costs on installing Flue Gas Desulfurization5
 unit. On 17th
July, 2014, the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power filed a petition before
the Central Commission for adjudication of compensation on account of
certain Change in Law events including installation of the FGD. By order
dated 06th February, 2017, the Central Commission allowed
compensation only for certain Change in Law events but disallowed the
claim for carrying cost raised by the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power.
Liberty was however granted to the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power to
file a separate petition before the Central Commission for the FGD claim
along with requisite information and documents.
4. Aggrieved by the order dated 06th February, 2017 passed by the
Central Commission, both the appellants herein and the respondent No.
1 – Adani Power preferred appeals before the Appellate Tribunal. The
limited grievance raised by the appellants in their appeal was relating to
the issue pertaining to the claim of the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power
in respect of levy of customs duty on electricity removed from Special
5 In short ‘FGD’
Page No. 3 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
Economic Zone (SEZ) to Domestic Tariff Area (DTA). In its appeal,
respondent No. 1 – Adani Power challenged the rejection of its claim for
carrying cost. Respondent No. 1 – Adani Power also filed a separate
petition before the Central Commission in terms of the liberty granted to
it, for claiming relief on account of installation of FGD which was
contested by the appellants. On 28th March, 2018, the Central
Commission passed an order on the separate petition preferred by the
respondent No. 1 – Adani Power, allowing compensation on account of
the Change in Law event pertaining to installation of the FGD and at the
same time, disallowing its claim for carrying cost.
5. In another petition filed by the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power,
the Central Commission passed an order on 17th September, 2018,
granting carrying costs in its favour in terms of the directions issued by
the Appellate Tribunal vide judgment dated 13th April, 2018, passed in
Appeal No. 210 of 2017. Pertinently, the judgment dated 13th April, 2018
passed by the Appellate Tribunal was between the same parties who are
present before us and was challenged by the appellants herein before
the Supreme Court in Civil Appeals No. 5865/2018 and 6190/2018. The
said appeals came to be dismissed vide judgment dated 25th February,
20196
 wherein it was held that the power generating company would be
entitled to carrying cost on restitutionary principles from the date of
6 Reported as (2019) 5 SCC 325
Page No. 4 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
Change in Law event, so as to bring the affected party to the same
economic position as if such Change in Law had not occurred. For
arriving at the said conclusion, reliance was placed on Article 13.2 of the
PPAs governing the parties that contains an in-built restitutionary
principle which compensates the party affected by such Change in Law.
6. The respondent No. 1 – Adani Power approached the Appellate
Tribunal with a copy of the order passed by the Central Commission
allowing the relief of Change in Law for installation of the FGD, but
disallowing the relief of carrying cost and prayed that carrying cost ought
to have been allowed in its favour from the date of Change in Law event
pertaining to installation of FGD along with other Change in Law events.
By the impugned judgment dated 12th August, 2021, the Appellate
Tribunal has not only held that the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power is
entitled for carrying cost in respect of compensation for Change in Law
events towards FGD installation, as approved by the Central
Commission, reckoned from the date of Change in Law occurrence, it
has further held respondent No. 1 – Adani Power to be entitled for
interest on carrying cost. Aggrieved by the said finding, the appellants
are before this Court.
7. Appearing for the appellants, Mr. M.G. Ramachandran, Senior
Advocate opened his arguments by stating that the appellants do not
Page No. 5 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
dispute grant of interest by way of carrying cost from the date on which
Change in Law event took place on account of the delayed recovery of
the principal amount till the date the amount was determined by the
Central Commission. The sole grievance raised by the appellants is that
they are not liable to pay any compound interest to the respondent No. 1
– Adani Power as carrying cost interest. It is contended that only simple
interest is payable by the appellants to the respondent No. 1 – Adani
Power, for the reason that there is no wrongdoing / default / unjust
enrichment that can be attributable to the appellants for the delay
caused in determination of the amount by the Central Commission /
Appellate Tribunal; that there is no stipulation in the PPAs dated 07th
August, 2008 for payment of compound interest for the period from the
date when Change in Law event had occurred i.e. w.e.f. 29th January,
2014, till the date of adjudication of the claim by the Central Commission
and raising of the Supplementary Bill by the respondent No. 1 – Adani
Power in terms of Article 11.8.1 (iii) of the PPA; that on the contrary,
there are specific provisions in the PPAs i.e. Article 11.3.4 r/w Article
11.8.3 for the delay on the part of the appellants in making the payment
after raising of the monthly / Supplementary Bill at the Late Payment
Surcharge (LPS) rate which is on a compounding basis; that there is no
statutory provision in the Electricity Act, 2003 or the relevant
Page No. 6 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
rules/regulations framed therein, as applicable at the relevant time,
which permit payment of compound interest for carrying cost.
8. It has also been argued on behalf of the appellants that though
interest on interest is prescribed under the Interest Act, 1978 but the
exceptions carved out under Section 4 of the said enactment does not
cover the facts of the instant case since the appellants had duly paid the
amount to the respondent No. 1- Adani Power upon determination by the
Central Commission and within the time stipulated for clearing the
Supplementary Bill that was raised on it. It was canvassed that the
respondent No. 1 – Adani Power became entitled to raise a
Supplementary Bill on the appellants only when the Central Commission
determined the amount payable as an impact of Change in Law. The
said Supplementary Bill was raised under Article 11.8.1 (iii) and was
payable within 30 days in terms of Article 11.8.2 of the PPA. Contending
that the Supplementary Bill can include carrying cost only if there is
restitution provision under Article 13 of the PPAs and that if there is no
restitution provision, the Supplementary Bill cannot even include the
carrying cost.
9. Learned counsel for the appellants informed us that pursuant to
passing of the impugned judgment and order dated 12th August, 2021,
when the Appellate Tribunal held that the respondent No. 1- Adani
Page No. 7 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
Power is entitled to carrying cost on compound interest basis and
remanded the matter back to the Central Commission for computation,
the Central Commission had passed an order on 23rd October, 2021,
determining the methodology for calculating the carrying cost.
Respondent No. 1 – Adani Power had then raised a Supplementary Bill
dated 13th November, 2021 on the appellants towards the carrying cost
which was paid by the appellants without prejudice to their rights and
contentions as raised in the present appeal. Since there was a delay of
about two months reckoned from the due date of the Supplementary Bill
dated 13th November, 2021, the appellants state that they have paid the
late payment surcharge for the said period of delay. In support of the
submission that when compound interest is not specified in a Statute,
interest payable ought to be construed to be on simple interest basis and
not on compound interest basis, the decision in Priya Vart And Another
v. Union of India7
 has been cited.
10. Repelling the arguments advanced on behalf of the appellants,
Mr. Mukul Rohatgi, Senior Advocate appearing for the respondent No. 1
– Adani Power has in the first instance, challenged the maintainability of
the present appeal stating that the same has been filed under Section
125 of the Electricity Act, 2003 which permits grounds to be taken akin to
those available under Section 100 of the Civil Procedure Code8
 and no
7 (1995) 5 SCC 437
8 for short ‘CPC’
Page No. 8 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
substantial question of law has been raised in the present appeal that
requires determination by this Court. On merits, learned Senior Advocate
has supported the findings returned in the impugned judgment and
submitted that the same does not deserve any interference as it has only
followed the law laid down by this Court in the judgment dated 25th
February, 20196
, that was decided between the very same parties to the
lis. Referring to the chronology of the dates and events in the instant
case, it was submitted that admittedly, the Change in Law event had
occurred when the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power had to install the
FGD in the year 2014. The claim raised by the respondent No. 1 – Adani
Power for installation of the FGD was finally decided by the Central
Commission only in the year 2018, when carrying cost compensation on
account of Change in Law event was allowed in its favour. However,
carrying cost was approved only from the date of the judgment and not
for the period between 2014 and 2018, whereas the respondent No. 1 –
Adani Power was entitled for carrying cost right from the year 2014,
when it was required to infuse huge amounts towards installation of the
FGD. Reference was made to Articles 13.2 and 13.4 of the PPAs that
provide for an in-built restitutionary principle and hold that compensation
has to be paid from the date of occurrence of the Change in Law events.
Article 11.3.4 of the PPAs was cited to buttress the submission that
Page No. 9 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
compound interest is payable for delayed payments, in the manner
prescribed and since the appellants had agreed to pay interest on
compounding basis for delayed payments, the very same principle would
apply for carrying cost as well, since both, carrying cost and late
payment surcharge are to be factored in towards time value of money.
11. Alluding to the Reserve Bank of India Circulars dated 14th August,
2003 and 03rd March, 2016 that provide for a borrower to pay interest to
the lender on compound interest basis, it was submitted on behalf of the
respondent No.1 – Adani Power, that having borrowed money from
banks to install the FGD and having paid compound interest on the
borrowed sum, it was only seeking restitution for the interest incurred by
it and paid to the banks at the same rate and that this was not a case of
unjust enrichment. It was thus argued that, since the litigation in the
instant case had commenced in the year 2014 and it took seven years to
conclude the same, the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power is entitled to
carrying cost and interest thereon on compounding basis from the date
of Change in Law event, strictly in terms of the PPA and the law on the
issue that has already been expounded by this Court.
12. We have heard the arguments advanced by the counsel for the
parties and perused the relevant provisions of the PPAs. As noted
above, the appellants have not raised any dispute with regard to grant of
Page No. 10 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
interest to the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power by way of carrying cost
from the date on which the Change in Law event took place till the date
the amount was determined as payable to respondent No. 1 – Adani
Power in terms of the order dated 28th March, 2018, passed by the
Central Commission. The only issue that has arisen for our consideration
is whether the appellants are liable to pay simple interest or compound
interest on the carrying cost.
13. The relevant Articles of the PPAs cited before us are Article 11,
that deals with billing and payment and Article 13, that deals with
Change in Law. We are more specifically concerned with Articles 11.3.4,
11.8.1 and 11.8.3 that have been cited by learned counsel for the
appellants to urge that only Late Payment Surcharge (LPS) is payable
by the appellants (procurer) to the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power
(seller) at the rate mentioned in Article 11.3.4, but not beyond that. For
purposes of ready reference, we may extract below Articles 11.3.4,
11.8.1 and 11.8.3 as below:
“11 ARTICLE 11: BILLING AND PAYMENT
xxx xxx xxx
11.3 Payment of Monthly Bills
xxx xxx xxx
11.3.4 In the event of delay in payment of a Monthly Bill by any
Procurer beyond its Due Date, a Late Payment Surcharge shall be
payable by the Procurer to the Seller at the rate of two (2) percent in
excess of the applicable SBAR per annum, on the amount of
outstanding payment, calculated on a day to day basis (and
compounded with Monthly rest), for each day of the delay.
Page No. 11 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
xxx xxx xxx
11.8 Payment of Supplementary Bill
11.8.1 Either Party may raise a bill on the other Party
("Supplementary Bill") for payment on account of:
 i. Adjustments required by the Regional Energy Account (if
applicable);
ii. Tariff Payment for change in parameters, pursuant to provisions in ·
Schedule-5; or
iii. Change in Law as provided in Article 13
 and such Bill shall be paid by the other Party.
xxx xxx xxx
11.8.3 In the event of delay in payment of a Supplementary Bill by
either Party beyond one month from the date of billing, a Late
Payment Surcharge shall be payable at same terms applicable to the
Monthly Bill in Article 11.3.4.”
14. The respondent No. 1 – Adani Power has relied on Articles 13.2
and 13.4 of the PPAs which are extracted hereinbelow:
“13 ARTICLE 13 CHANGE IN LAW
xxx xxx xxx
13.2 Application and Principles for computing impact of
Change in Law
While determining the consequence of Change in Law under
this Article 13, the Parties shall have due regard to the
principle that the purpose of compensating the Party affected
by such Change in Law, is to restore through Monthly Tariff
Payments, to the extent contemplated in this Article 13, the
affected party to the same economic position as if such
Change in Law has not occurred.
a) Construction Period
As a result of any Change in Law, the impact of
increase/decrease of Capital Cost of the Project in the Tariff
shall be governed by the formula given below:
For every cumulative increase/decrease of each Rs.
8,90.000.00 (Rupees eight crore ninety lakh only) Rupees of
the Contracted Capacity in the Capital Cost over the term of
this Agreement, the increase/decrease in Quoted Capacity
Charges shall be an amount equal to zero point two two seven
(0.227%) percent of the Quoted Capacity Charges. Provided
that the Seller provides to the Procurer documentary proof of
Page No. 12 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
such increase/decrease in Capital Cost for establishing the
impact of such Change in Law. In case of Dispute, Article 17
shall apply.
It is clarified that the above mentioned compensation shall be
payable to either Party, only with effect from the date on which
the total increase/decrease exceeds amount of Rs.
8,90,000,00 (Rupees eight crore ninety lakh only)
b) Operation Period
As a result of Change in Law, the compensation for any
increase/decrease in revenues or cost to the Seller shall be
determined and effective from such date, as decided by the
Appropriate Commission whose decision shall be final and
binding on both the Parties, subject to rights of appeal
provided under applicable Law.
 Provided that the above mentioned compensation shall be
payable only if and for increase/decrease in revenues or cost
to the Seller is in excess of an amount equivalent to 1 % of
Letter of Credit it in aggregate for a Contract Year.”
xxx xxx xxx
13.4 Tariff Adjustment Payment on account of Change in
Law
13.4.1 Subject to Article 13.2, the adjustment in Monthly Tariff
Payment shall be· effective from:
(i) the date of adoption, promulgation, amendment; reenactment or repeal of the Law or Change in Law; or
(ii) the date of order/judgement of the Competent Court or
tribunal or Indian Governmental Instrumentality, if the Change
in Law is on account of a change in interpretation of Law.
13.4.2 The payment for Changes in Law shall be through
supplementary bill as mentioned in Article 11.8. However, in
case of any change in Tariff by reason of Change in Law, as
determined in accordance with this Agreement, the Monthly
Invoice to be raised by the Seller after such change in Tariff
shall appropriately reflect the changed Tariff.”
15. Article 13 has been discussed threadbare by this Court in a
previous litigation between the same parties decided on 25th February,
20196
. Without being prolix, we may extract below the relevant paras:-
Page No. 13 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
“13. A reading of Article 13 as a whole, therefore, leads to the
position that subject to restitutionary principles contained in
Article 13.2, the adjustment in monthly tariff payment, in the
facts of the present case, has to be from the date of the
withdrawal of exemption which was done by administrative
orders dated 06.04.2015 and 16.02.2016. The present case,
therefore, falls within Article 13.4.1(i). This being the case, it is
clear that the adjustment in monthly tariff payment has to be
effected from the date on which the exemptions given were
withdrawn. This being the case, monthly invoices to be raised
by the seller after such change in tariff are to appropriately
reflect the changed tariff. On the facts of the present case, it is
clear that the respondents were entitled to adjustment in their
monthly tariff payment from the date on which the exemption
notifications became effective. This being the case, the
restitutionary principle contained in Article 13.2 would kick in for
the simple reason that it is only after the order dated
04.05.2017 that the CERC held that the respondents were
entitled to claim added costs on account of change in law w.e.f.
01.04.2015. This being the case, it would be fallacious to say
that the respondents would be claiming this restitutionary
amount on some general principle of equity outside the PPA.
Since it is clear that this amount of carrying cost is only
relatable to Article 13 of the PPA, we find no reason to interfere
with the judgment of the Appellate Tribunal.
14. We now come to some of the judgments cited by learned
counsel on behalf of both sides. In South Eastern Coalfields
Ltd. v. State of Madhya Pradesh and Ors9
[“South Eastern
Coalfields”], this Court held that interest is payable in equity in
certain circumstances and finally concluded: (SCC P. 662, para
24)
“24. We are, therefore, of the opinion that in the
absence of there being a prohibition either in law or
in the contract entered into between the two parties,
there is no reason why the Coalfields should not be
compensated by payment of interest for the period
for which the consumers/purchasers did not pay the
amount of enhanced royalty which is a constituent
part of the price of the mineral for the period for
which it remained unpaid. The justification for award
of interest stands fortified by the weighty factor that
the Coalfields themselves are obliged to pay interest
to the State on such amount. It will be a travesty of
justice to hold that though the Coalfields must pay
9 (2003) 8 SCC 648
Page No. 14 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
the amount of interest to the State but the
consumers/purchasers in whose hands the money
was actually withheld be exonerated from liability to
pay the interest.”
What was argued by Shri Giri was that this judgment cannot be
applied to fact situations that arise under the PPA in view of
Article 18.17 of the PPA which clearly states that the liability of
the seller and the procurer shall be limited to that explicitly
provided in this agreement and that, in no event, shall either
procurer or seller claim any indirect or consequential losses or
damages. Since we have found that the claim for carrying costs
is under Article 13 of the PPAs, this judgment would have no
application to the facts of the present case.”
16. It is clear that the restitutionary principles encapsulated in Article
13.2 would take effect for computing the impact of Change in Law. We
see no reason to interfere with the impugned judgment, wherein it has
been held by the Appellate Tribunal that the respondent No. 1 – Adani
Power had started claiming Change in Law event compensation in
respect of installation of FGD along with carrying cost, right from the
year 2012 and that it has approached several fora to get this claim
settled. The respondent No. 1 – Adani Power finally succeeded in getting
compensation towards FGD only on 28th March, 2018, but the carrying
cost claim was denied. The relief relating to carrying cost was granted to
the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power by the Appellate Tribunal vide order
dated 13th April, 2018 which was duly tested by this Court and upheld on
25th February, 20196
. Once carrying cost has been granted in favour of
the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power, it cannot be urged by the
appellants that interest on carrying cost should be calculated on simple
Page No. 15 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
interest basis instead of compound interest basis. Grant of compound
interest on carrying cost and that too from the date of the occurrence of
the Change in Law event is based on sound logic. The idea behind
granting interest on carrying cost is not far to see, it is aimed at
restituting a party that is adversely affected by a Change in Law event
and restore it to its original economic position as if such a Change in
Law event had not taken place.
17. In the instant case, the respondent No. 1 – Adani Power had to
incur expenses to purchase the FGD and install it in view of the terms
and conditions of the Environment Clearance given by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Union of India, in the year 2010. For this, it
had to arrange finances by borrowing from banks. The interest rate
framework followed by Scheduled Commercial banks and regulated by
the Reserve Bank of India mandates that interest shall be charged on all
advances at monthly rests. In this view of the matter, the respondent No.
1 – Adani Power is justified in stating that if the banks have charged it
interest on monthly rest basis for giving loans to purchase the FGD, any
restitution will be incomplete, if it is not fully compensated for the interest
paid by it to the banks on compounding basis. We are of the opinion that
interest on carrying cost is nothing but time value for money and the only
manner in which a party can be afforded the benefit of restitution in
Page No. 16 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
every which way. In the facts of the instant case, the Appellate Tribunal
was justified in allowing interest on carrying cost in favour of the
respondent No. 1 – Adani Power for the period between the year 2014,
when the FGD was installed, till the year 2021. There was no justification
for the Central Commission to have excluded the period between 2014
and 2018 and grant relief from the date of the passing of the order i.e.,
from 28th March, 2018 to 2021; nor is there any logic to such a
segregation of time lines, particularly when the respondent No. 1 – Adani
Power was prompt in raising a claim on the appellants and pursuing its
legal remedies.
18. We are not persuaded by the submission made on behalf of the
appellants that since no fault is attributable to them for the delay caused
in determination of the amount, they cannot be saddled with the liability
to pay interest on carrying cost; nor is there any substance in the
argument sought to be advanced that there is no provision in the PPAs
for payment of compound interest from the date when the Change in
Law event had occurred.
19. The entire concept of restitutionary principles engrained in Article
13 of the PPAs has to be read in the correct perspective. The said
principle that governs compensating a party for the time value for money,
is the very same principle that would be invoked and applied for grant of
Page No. 17 of 19
Civil Appeal No. 7129 of 2021
interest on carrying cost on account of a Change in Law event.
Therefore, reliance on Articles 11.3.4 r/w 11.8.3 on the part of the
appellants cannot take their case further. Nor does the decision in Priya
Vart’S Case7 have any application to the facts of the present case as the
said case relates to payment of compensation under the Land
Acquisition Act and the interest that would be payable in case of delayed
payment of compensation.
20. In view of the aforesaid discussion, the impugned judgment and
order dated 12th August, 2021 passed by the Appellate Tribunal is upheld
and the present appeal is accordingly dismissed as meritless.
………………………….CJI
[N.V. RAMANA]
….….……………………..J.
[KRISHNA MURARI]
.….………………………..J.
[HIMA KOHLI]
 New Delhi,
August 24, 2022
Page No. 18 of 19

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