SANJEET KUMAR SINGH @ MUNNA KUMAR SINGH VERSUS STATE OF CHHATTISGARH

Landmark Cases of India / सुप्रीम कोर्ट के ऐतिहासिक फैसले

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 871 OF 2021

SANJEET KUMAR SINGH

@ MUNNA KUMAR SINGH …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

STATE OF CHHATTISGARH …RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

V. Ramasubramanian, J.

1. Challenging his conviction for an offence punishable under

Section 20(b)(ii)(C) of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic

Substances Act, 1985 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Act’) and the

sentence of rigorous imprisonment for 10 years together with a fine

of Rs.1 lakh imposed upon him by the Special Court and confirmed

by the High Court of Chhattisgarh, Accused No.1 has come up with

the above appeal.

2. We have heard Mr. Somnath Padhan, learned counsel for the

appellant and Mr. Sourav Roy, learned Deputy AG for the

respondent State.

3. The case of the prosecution was that on 31.05.2014, the

Station House Officer (SHO for short) of Chakarbhata Police Station

received a secret information that the appellant and his friend

Reena Das, were carrying ganja in the dickey of a car bearing

registration no.CG04HA4850 and were travelling from Raipur to

Pendra Road; that the SHO recorded this information in Rojnamcha

Sanha, prepared Mukhbir Suchana, forwarded the said information

to the higher officer, proceeded to the spot, stopped the car, served

a notice under Section 50 of the Act, conducted a search and found

47.370 Kgs. of ganja kept in three bags in the dickey of the car; that

after weighing the contraband and preparing Panchnama, the SHO

collected samples from each of the three bags, sent them to

Forensic Science Laboratory (‘FSL’ for short) and after receipt of the

Report, filed a chargesheet against the appellant as well as his

friend Reena Das for an offence punishable under Section 20(b) of

the Act.

4. The prosecution examined seven witnesses. Two independent

witnesses were examined as court witnesses CWs 1 and 2.

5. By a judgment dated 10.05.2017, the Special Court convicted

the appellant for the offence under Section 20(b)(ii)(C) of the Act,

and imposed a sentence of rigorous imprisonment of 10 years.

However, the coaccused Reena Das was acquitted by the Special

Court.

6. The State did not file any appeal against the acquittal of Reena

Das, who was A2. But the appellant filed an appeal on the file of

the High Court of Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur. The appeal was

dismissed by a judgment dated 01.10.2019. Therefore, A1 who has

suffered concurrent convictions has come up with the above appeal.

7. The Special Court, for coming to the conclusion that the

appellant was guilty of the offence, relied extensively upon the

testimony of Mr. N.L. Dhritlahre, Deputy Superintendent of Police,

who acted both as the informant and as the Investigating Officer

(‘I.O.’ for short) and who was examined as PW7. The Special Court

found that PW7 had followed the procedure prescribed in Sections

43 and 49 of the Act and that his testimony remained unshaken.

8. Though PW7 claimed that the search and the seizure was

conducted in the presence of two independent witnesses examined

as CW1 and CW2, these two witnesses claimed ignorance of the

entire operation. Therefore, the Special Court came to the

conclusion that the testimony of PW7 was not corroborated by the

evidence of independent witnesses.

9. However, the Special Court came to the conclusion that the

entries made by PW7 and the documents prepared by him both

before and after the search and seizure, corroborated his oral

testimony and that therefore the guilt of the appellant stood

established beyond reasonable doubt, even without corroboration.

10. But, interestingly, the Special Court acquitted A2 namely

Reena Das on the ground, (i) that though in the Daily Register of

Exhibit P12 and the Memo of Information, the name of A2 was

mentioned, PW7 did not mention her name in his testimony;

(ii) that the notice under Section 50 was not served on A2; and

(iii) that there was no proof beyond doubt to show that the seized

contraband was under the possession and the knowledge of A2.

11. As we have stated earlier, the State did not file an appeal

against the acquittal of A2. But the High Court held that the

evidence of PW7 remained unshaken even during crossexamination and that there was no reason to disbelieve his version.

The High Court also held that the Head Constable and the

Constable examined as PWs 3 and 4 corroborated the statement of

PW7 with regard to the compliance of the requirements of Sections

42 and 57 of the Act. Though an argument was raised before the

High Court on behalf of the appellant that the samples sent to FSL

were not part of the seized contraband, it was rejected by the High

Court on the basis of the cogent testimony of PW7. This is how the

High Court confirmed the conviction of the appellant as well as the

sentence imposed upon him.

12. Assailing the concurrent judgments of the Special Court and

the High Court, it was contended by the learned counsel for the

appellant, (i) that the informant and the I.O. happened to be the

same person; (ii) that the independent witnesses namely CW1 and

CW2 did not support the case of the prosecution, thereby leaving

the testimony of PW7 uncorroborated; (iii) that when the appellant

and the coaccused were alleged in the chargesheet to be travelling

in the same car from which ganja was seized, the acquittal of one of

them and the conviction of the other, on the basis of the very same

testimony of PW7 cannot be sustained; and (iv) that the principles

laid down in a series of judgments of this Court have not been

followed by the Special Court and the High Court. The learned

counsel for the appellant placed reliance specifically upon the

decisions of this Court in Ajmer Singh vs. State of Haryana1 and

Mohinder Singh vs. State of Punjab2

13. As regards the testimony of PW7, on which the Special Court

and the High Court placed heavy reliance and complete faith, the

learned counsel for the appellant raised the following contentions:

 There are several omissions in his evidence;

 He arrested both the accused and also chargesheeted

them, but admitted that there was no search warrant.

 He further stated that photograph of the vehicle was not

in the list of Final report and Crime Number was not mentioned in

photograph of car;

 He was silent about presence of CWs i.e. independent

witnesses and those independent witnesses pleaded ignorance;

1 (2010) 3 SCC 746

2 (2018) 11 SCC 570

 Even property seizure memo was not signed by accused

and witnesses and there was no stamping. This is also admitted by

him;

 He admitted that he had not recorded the statement of

the actual owner of the vehicle, which is a fundamental flaw in the

investigation;

 No notice U/S 50 NDPS Act was sent to Reena Das (A2).

Except in the FIR and Charge Sheet, name of Reena Das was not

mentioned anywhere i.e. consent letter, memo of consent, memo of

searching, memo of seizure/recovery of contraband substance,

memo of identification of materials, memo of physical verification of

weighing machine, memo of weighing of contraband substance,

memo of sample weighing of intoxicated materials etc.;

 But he denied in the cross examination, the suggestion

that lady was not seated in the vehicle; and

 Time mentioned varied from document to document.

14. The learned counsel for the appellant also raised an issue

about the ownership of the car and highlighted the fact that the

owner namely, Bhumika Patel (PW4) was not even interrogated.

But we do not think the ownership of the car was of any material

significance. Therefore, we are not dealing with the same

elaborately.

15. In response to the contentions raised on behalf of the

appellant, it was argued by the learned Deputy AG for the State:

 That the NDPS Act is a complete Code in itself;

 That once the procedure enumerated in Sections 42, 43,

49 & 50 are scrupulously followed, it was for the accused, from

whose possession the substance is recovered, to explain how he

came into possession;

 That as held by this Court in Mukesh Singh vs. State

(Narcotic Branch of Delhi)3

, it is not always necessary to

corroborate the testimony of police officials, through the testimony

of independent witnesses;

 That as held by this Court in Dharampal Singh vs.

State of Punjab4

, lack of independent witness is not fatal to the

case of the prosecution;

 That by the same analogy it was held by this Court in

Rizwan Khan vs. State of Chhattisgarh5

, that the independent

witnesses turning hostile, cannot be a ground for acquittal under

the NDPS Act;

 That the protection under Section 50 of the Act is

available only to the search of the body of a person and not to the

search of a vehicle or place, as held by this Court in State of

Punjab vs. Baljinder Singh and Ors.

;

3 (2020) 10 SCC 120

4 (2010) 9 SCC 608

5 (2020) 9 SCC 627

6 (2019) 10 SCC 473

 That since the recovery was made in this case from the

boot of the car, Section 50 had no application and hence the

acquittal of the coaccused was also of no consequence;

 That the question whether the informant can be I.O. is no

longer res integra in view of the decision of this Court in Mukesh

Singh (supra);

 That once possession is proved under Section 54, the

accused is presumed to be guilty of the offence, in view of the

presumption under Section 54 of the Act; and

 That therefore the concurrent findings of the Courts

below need no interference.

16. We have carefully considered the rival contentions. We have

also perused the records of the Special Court including the

testimony of witnesses.

17. At the outset we would take note of some propositions of law

on which there can be no controversy. They are, (i) that as per the

decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in Mukesh Singh

(supra), the fact that the informant also happened to be the

investigator, may not by itself vitiate the investigation as unfair or

biased; (ii) that it is not always necessary that the evidence of the

police witnesses have to be corroborated by independent witnesses,

as held in Dharampal Singh and Mukesh Singh (supra); (iii) that

the independent witnesses turning hostile need not necessarily

result in the acquittal of the accused, when the mandatory

procedure is followed and the other police witnesses speak in one

voice as held in Rizwan Khan (supra); and (iv) that once it is

established that the contraband was recovered from the accused’s

possession, a presumption arises under Section 54.

18. But if the Court has (i) to completely disregard the lack of

corroboration of the testimony of police witnesses by independent

witnesses; and (ii) to turn a Nelson’s eye to the independent

witnesses turning hostile, then the story of the prosecution should

be very convincing and the testimony of the official witnesses

notably trustworthy. If independent witnesses come up with a story

which creates a gaping hole in the prosecution theory, about the

very search and seizure, then the case of the prosecution should

collapse like a pack of cards. It is no doubt true that corroboration

by independent witnesses is not always necessary. But once the

prosecution comes up with a story that the search and seizure was

conducted in the presence of independent witnesses and they also

choose to examine them before Court, then the Court has to see

whether the version of the independent witnesses who turned

hostile is unbelievable and whether there is a possibility that they

have become turncoats.

19. Let us see in the case on hand what PW7 stated about the

manner in which the witnesses were roped in. The relevant portion

of the testimony (Chief Examination) of PW7, where a reference is

made to independent witnesses, is extracted as follows:

“(5) I got the information on 31.05.2014 at 16.50 Hrs. from

informant that the one silver colour Hyundai Verna

Car having registration no.C.G.04HA4850 is silver,

in which, Sanjeet Kumar Singh @ Munna Singh

resident of Kabir Nagar, Raipur and his lady friend

namely Reena Das @ Manali Das resident of Kabir

Nagar, Raipur have left towards Pendra road from

Raipur carrying huge quantity of cannabis in the truck

(Dikki) of Car for the purpose of sale, who would go via

Pandidiha bypass Road. I lodge the above report at

the serial no.1283 of Station Diary register maintained

at Police Station. Today, I brought the Daily Register

with me. The Serial No.1283 entered in the Daily

Exhibit P12 “C: I prepared the memo (Panchnama) of

the information of informant in the presences of

witnesses Virender Kumar Sahu and Baldev Singh

Rajput. The memo (Panchnama) of the information of

informant is Exhibit P13 and I had my signatures on

A to A parts. I served notice for the purpose of

summoning to the witnesses. The notice given to

the witness Sunil Maldhani which is Exhibit C14,

where my signatures on B to B parts and the

notice sent to the witness Firturam Banware for

appearing/presenting at the time of proceedings is

Exhibit C1, on which, my signatures is on B to B

parts.

xxx xxx xxx

(7) Thereafter, I made entry at serial no.1286 in the daily

departure time i.e.17.10 hrs. along with constable

nos.444, 672 and woman constable no.981 for Bypass

Road Tiwaripara for the purpose of barricading by

Government vehicle. I also took the documents and

seal with me. The incharge namely A.S.I., Sharma of

Police Assistant Center, Sakri was informed and the

witnesses namely Katti Sunil Kalwani and Firturam

Banware were also taken for the purpose of

proceedings and in this connection, I made entry at

the serial no.1286 in daily register, which is Exhibit P17 and the certified copy of the same is Exhibit P17

“C”.

(8) I prepared the memo (Panchnama) under Section 50

N.D.P.S Act in the presences of witnesses namely

Sunil Maldhani and Firturam Banjare, which is

Exhibit C2 and on which, my signatures at C to C

parts.

(9) Contraband substance in three plastic bags was

recovered from the dickey of Car having registration

no.C.G. – 04 H.A – 4850 in possession of Sanjeet

Kumar Singh, seizure is Exh C 5 where my signature

is at D to D Part. When I see the bags kept in dickey

of the car by opening the stitches in presence of Sunil

Maldhani Firturam Banwane.”

20. In his crossexamination, PW7 stated as follows:

“(22) Both the witnesses belong to Chakarbhata. I know

previously to both witnesses. I have sent the notices to

both witnesses in their names. It is correct to say that

I cannot recall today that through whom, the above

notice was sent. It is also correct to say that I had sent

the above notice at 17.10 Hrs. I cannot recall that at

what time, the above witnesses in Police Station.

xxx xxx xxx

(24) The houses of witnesses namely Sunil Maldhani and

Firturam is situated at the distance about one

Kilometer away from Police Station. It is correct to say

that it takes the time to search for and reaching to

witnesses. The witness was silent, when the question

asked that at what time the independent witnesses

were presented. It is incorrect to say that on the

memo of the information received from the informant, I

had took the signatures of respective signatures of

witnesses after returning to Police Station from the

place of the occurrence of incident.

xxx xxx xxx

(29) I get the contraband substances identified by the

witnesses. It is correct to say that I have not

mentioned that contraband substances identified by

the witnesses in memo of identification Exhibit C7.

xxx xxx xxx

(38) It is also incorrect to say that the witnesses used to

frequently visit at Police Station. Today, I cannot recall

that on the date of occurrence of incident, the

witnesses namely Sunil Maldhani and Firtu Banware

had visited to the Police Station in relation of their own

some dispute. It is also incorrect to say that I get the

signatures on the documents of above both witnesses

at Police Station.”

21. Having seen what PW7 said about the presence of

independent witnesses, let us now see what these independent

witnesses had to say. The relevant portion of the testimony of Shri

Firuturam Banware examined as CW1 reads as follows:

“1. I know Sunil Malghani. I and Sunil Malghani both

were Counsellor of Bodri Panchayat. I do not know

accused persons present herein the Court. I am seeing

them today for the first time.

2. I was not called by Police of Police station

Chakarbhata in relation to Mukhbir information of

Ganja in the year 2014 or at another time, I was never

called at Policestation, I never went to Pendidih by

pass road with Police. Police never stopped any car in

my presence, I had not seen that accused persons

present here in the court were sitting in any car, Police

never seized any Ganja from any car in my presence.

Police did not do any weighing proceedings of Ganja or

proceedings of taking sample in my presence.

3. In the year 2014 I went to the Policestation

Chakarbhata in relation to the dispute between some

Sindhis and at that time Police took my signature on

some documents. I did not read in which relation

those documents were and I was also not told about

the contents of documents because at that time no

documentation was done. Exhibit C.1, C.2, C.3, C.4,

C.5, C.6, C.7, C.8, C.9, C.10 which is in three pages,

Part A to A of C.11, C.12, C.13 bears my signature.

Part B to B of Ex.P/9 bears my signature. Police did

not took my statement.

//Crossexamination by Shri Kundan Singh, Public

Prosecutor for Prosecution//

4. I had studied up to Eighth Class. It is correct to say

that as I am Counsellor it is my duty to help Police.

Earlier I was Counsellor of Nagar Panchayat Bodri two

times for five years. It is correct to say that being

Counsellor I have to visit Police whenever I am called.

It is correct to say that during the investigation of

crime Public Representatives are called, witness

himself states that once he was called. It is incorrect to

say that on 31.05.2014 at about 17.00 hours I was

called at the Policestation, witness himself states that

because there was dispute between Sindhis he went to

the Policestation. It is correct to say that at that day

Sunil Maghlani also went there with me. It is correct to

say that upon saying of someone document must not

be signed without reading it…

xxx xxx xxx

7. It is incorrect to say that Weighment Panchnama was

done in my presence. It is incorrect to say that Ganja

recovered from accused was weighed in my presence

and in the presence of Sunil Malghani and at that time

20 kilo 370 grams in one bag, 20kilogram in second

bag and 07 kilogram in third bag was found.”

22. The relevant portion of the evidence of Shri Sunil Kumar

Malghani, examined as CW2 reads as follows:

“1. I do not know accused persons present here in the

Court. In the Year 2014 I was Counsellor of Ward

number 7 of Bodri Nagar Panchayat. Two and half year

ago I and Firturam Banware went to Policestation

Chakarbhata. We went there for compromise for the

dispute between our people. Police took our signature

on 45 documents. No proceedings were done by Police

in my presence. Police did not caught any articles from

the accused persons in my presence. Police did not

gave me any notice.

2. Part A to A of notice under Section 160 of the Cr.P.C.

vide Ex.P/14 bears my signature. Part B to B of C.2,

C.3, C.4, C.5, C.6, C.7, C.8, C.9, C.10, C.11, C.12,

C.13 bears my signature.

//Crossexamination by Shri Kundan Singh, Public

Prosecutor for Prosecution//

3. It is correct to say that I and Firturam Banware went

to Policestation Chakarbhata in the evening at 5.00

hours of 31.05.2014. It is incorrect to say that notice

was given to me by Policestation Chakarbhata to be

present for the investigation of Ganja case. It is

incorrect to that with Police I and Firturam Banware

went to Pendidih by pass road.

4. It is incorrect to say that Car number C.G.04 H.A.

4850 which was in possession of accused Sanjeet

Kumar was stopped and searched and at that time

form the back side dickey of car psychotropic Ganja

was found inside three white color plastic bags and it's

Panchnama was done in my presence.”

23. CWs 1 and 2 were crossexamined by the Additional Public

Prosecutor. A suggestion was put to both these witnesses that the

family of the accused persons met them and that they were

influenced. In this regard CW1 denied the suggestion of the Public

Prosecutor in the following words:

“10. It is incorrect to say that family of accused

persons met me and because they gave me offer and in

that greed I am giving false statement. Witness

himself states that he does not know family of accused

persons. It is incorrect to say that today family of

accused persons came in the Court and met me.”

24. Similarly, CW2 denied the suggestion of the Public Prosecutor

that he came under the influence of the family members of the

accused. The relevant portion reads as follows:

“4. It is incorrect to say that family of accused

persons met me. It is also incorrect to say that today I

am giving false statement because of influence of

parents of accused persons. It is true to say that

before signing the document one must read it. It is

incorrect to say that proceedings took place in my

presence and for this reason I signed on documents.

//Crossexamination by Shri Kundan Singh, Public

Prosecutor for Prosecution//

5. It is correct to say that when I signed on

documents at that time nothing was written on

documents. It is correct to say that my signature was

taken on blank documents. It is correct to say that

the documents on which my signature was taken were

not read over to me.”

25. The independent witnesses who turned hostile, not only

denied having witnessed anything, but also came up with a

plausible explanation as to how their signatures found place in the

documents mentioned by PW7. According to both the independent

witnesses they went to the police station in connection with some

other dispute relating to the members of the Sindhi community.

These 2 witnesses claimed to be elected counsellors of the local

Panchayat and this claim was not challenged by the Additional

Public Prosecutor in cross examination. Therefore, the case on hand

is not a routine, runofthemill matter where independent

witnesses are won over and they had no explanation to offer about

their signatures in the Panchanama.

26. The statement of these two independent witnesses assumes

significance in the light of certain other facts also. They are:

 According to PW7, he received information from one

Mukhbir at 16:50 hrs. on 31.05.2014;

 PW7 claims that upon receipt of information, he

prepared Exhibit P5 and completed the other formalities.

Thereafter PW7 sent notices to the independent witnesses at

17:10 hrs.;

 PW7 further claims that he departed to the place of

incident at 17:10 hrs, from the Police Station and that the

distance between the place of incident and the Police Station is

approximately 78 Kms.;

 PW7 stated that the houses of the independent

witnesses Sunil Kumar Malghani and Firuturam Banware

were located at a distance of approximately 1 Km from the

Police Station;

 Interestingly, the Learned Special Judge records in

Paragraph 24 of the deposition of PW7 that when asked about

the time of arrival of the independent witnesses at the Police

Station, the witness (PW7) remained silent;

 In Paragraph 25 of the testimony of PW7 (crossexamination) it is recorded that PW7 reached the place of

incident in 57 minutes approximately. This is despite the fact

that even according to PW7, the distance between the Police

Station and the place of incident was approximately 78 Kms.;

and

 PW7 further claimed that his team waited at the place of

incident for 40 minutes, after which the accused reached the

place of incident.

27. Therefore, if the story advanced by PW7 is to be believed,

(i) he received the information at about 16:50 hrs.; (ii) he completed

the formalities and sent notices to the independent witnesses at

17:10 hrs.; (iii) he left the Police Station at 17:10 hrs., and reached

the place of incident in 57 minutes; and (iv) his team waited at the

place of incident for 40 minutes for the accused to arrive.

28. But in the above timeline, PW7 is completely silent about the

time when the witnesses reached the Police Station or the place of

incident.

29. Exhibit C1 is the notice purportedly served on the

independent witness Firuturam Banware. This notice directs the

said witness to appear at 17:10 hrs. at the place indicated therein

namely, “Saida Tiwari Para Bypass Main Road”. Even according to

PW7 this notice to the witness was sent only at 17:10 hrs., to be

served at the residence of the witness located 1 Km. away.

Therefore, there was no way that PW7 could have expected the

witness to be available at the place of incident at 17:10 hrs.

30. Exhibit C2 is the notice served on the appellant herein (A1)

under Section 50 of the Act. The time shown therein is 18:00 hrs.

This notice requires the appellant to indicate whether he would like

to be searched in the presence of Magistrate or Gazetted Officer. It

is also stated in the notice that the contents thereof were read over

in the presence of witnesses. Exhibit C3 is the consent Panchnama

of the appellant agreeing to be searched by the police officer. This

Panchnama contains the names of Sunil Malghani and Firuturam

Banware (CWs 1 and 2). Even the search Panchnama of the accused

marked as Exhibit C4 refers to the presence of CWs 1 and 2 at the

time of search.

31. Therefore, it is clear that the I.O. examined as PW7 claims to

have done everything only in the presence of independent

witnesses. But those independent witnesses not merely denied their

presence and participation but also came up with an explanation as

to how their signatures found a place in those documents.

32. In such circumstances, a serious doubt is cast on the very

search and seizure allegedly made by PW7. But unfortunately,

both the Special Court and the High Court went by the law in

theory, without applying the same to the facts of the case.

33. Right from the beginning, the coaccused Reena Das (A2) was

implicated at every stage. Admittedly, the information received by

PW7 at 16:50 hrs. on 31.05.2014 contained a reference to the

appellant as well as the coaccused Reena Das. But for some

strange reason, PW7 chose to serve a notice under Section 50 of

the Act only on the appellant and not on the coaccused. PW7 also

omitted deliberately or otherwise, to record, (i) the consent

Panchnama of coaccused; (ii) the search Panchnama of the coaccused; and (iii) the recovery Panchnama in relation to the coaccused. This led to the Special Court acquitting the coaccused. It

is quite strange that, (i) the information received by PW7, (ii) the

FIR; and (iii) the chargesheet implicated the coaccused, but the

prosecution accepted the finding of the Special Court that there

could have been no recovery from the coaccused despite the fact

that she was also travelling in the same car.

33A. It is true that Section 54 of the Act raises a presumption

and the burden shifts on the accused to explain as to how he came

into possession of the contraband. But to raise the presumption

under Section 54 of the Act, it must first be established that a

recovery was made from the accused. The moment a doubt is cast

upon the most fundamental aspect, namely the search and seizure,

the appellant, in our considered opinion will also be entitled to the

same benefit as given by the Special Court to the coaccused.

34. In view of the above, we are of the considered view that the

appellant is also entitled to the benefit of doubt. Therefore, the

appeal is allowed. The judgments of the Special Court as well as the

High Court in so far as the same relates to the conviction of the

appellant, are set aside. The appellant shall be released forthwith,

unless he is under custody in connection with some other case. No

costs.

......................................J.

(Indira Banerjee)

.......................................J.

(V. Ramasubramanian)

New Delhi

August 30, 2022

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