DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX vs M/S. M. R. SHAH LOGISTICS PVT. LTD.

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX vs M/S. M. R. SHAH LOGISTICS PVT. LTD.

Landmark Cases of India / सुप्रीम कोर्ट के ऐतिहासिक फैसले


REPORTABLE
 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). ____________OF 2022
(ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (C) NO. 22921/2019)
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX
(CENTRAL) CIRCLE 1(2) ...APPELLANT (S)
VERSUS
M/S. M. R. SHAH LOGISTICS PVT. LTD. ...RESPONDENT(S)
JUDGMENT
S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.
1. Special leave granted. With consent of counsel for parties, the appeal was
heard finally. The Commissioner of Income tax (hereafter “the revenue”) appeals
against a judgment of the Gujarat High Court1
, which quashed a notice issued
under Section 147/148, Income Tax Act (hereafter “the Act”) seeking to re-open
the respondent’s assessment, for the assessment year (AO) 2010-11. The
respondent is hereafter, referred to as “the assessee”.
2. The facts are that search proceedings were conducted- by the revenue,
under the Act, at the office premises of one Shirish Chandrakant Shah on
09.04.2013 at Mumbai; during the course of the search, several materials- and
documents, were seized. On analysis of such documents, the revenue was of
1 Dated 14 August, 2018 in Special Civil Application No. 21028 of 2017
2
opinion that Shirish Chandrakant Shah was providing accommodation entries,
through various companies controlled and managed by him, and that the assessee
was one of the beneficiaries of the business (of accommodation entries provided
by Shri Shirish Shah) through bogus companies. This was based on the fact that
many companies which invested amounts towards share capital on high
premiums -in the assessee’s company were also controlled and managed by Shri
Shirish Shah. The AO, on a consideration of these and other materials, was of
opinion that the assessee was also a beneficiary of the accommodation entries
provided by Shri Shirish Shah. On the basis of this opinion the impugned notice
to re-assess the income of the assessee for AY 2010-2011, was issued on
31.3.2017.
3. The assessee is a private limited company and had filed return of income
for the AY 2010-11 on 25.9.2010. The return was accepted under section 143(1)
of the Act without scrutiny. On 31.3.2017, the impugned notice was issued. The
AO also furnished reasons recorded by him for issuing notice of reassessment.
4. The “reasons to believe” which were the basis for re-opening the
assessment, recorded that search proceedings were conducted in the M.R. Shah
group and Champalal group of companies on 20.09.2016 and that during the
course of previous searches in the case of Shirish Chandrakant Shah, an
accommodation entry provider in Mumbai, it was observed that huge amounts of
unaccounted moneys of promoters/directors were introduced in closely held
companies of the assessee’s group. The reasons to believe also stated that the
chairman of M.R. Shah Group was asked about the application money received
by the assessee, during the statement- recorded under Section 132(4) of the Act,
on 18.11.2016; in the course of that statement, he disclosed that M/s. Garg
Logistics Pvt. Ltd. had declared ₹ 6.36 crores as undisclosed cash utilized for
investment in the share capital of the assessee, M.R. Shah Logistics Pvt. Ltd.
through various companies. The assessee company’s chairman voluntarily
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disclosed the statements made by Garg Logistics under Section 132 of the Act,
about the declaration by Garg Logistics P Ltd, under the Income Declaration
Scheme (IDS).
5. The AO, in the reasons to believe, compared the investments made by
Pravin Chandra Aggarwal, i.e. the assessee company’s Chairman with form no.2
of the assessee company and the records of the Registrar of Companies and
prepared a chart, which is reproduced in a chart below
“On comparison of such data following discrepancies are noted;
Name of the Investor Amount of investment received
by M R Shah Logistics Pvt Ltd
as per form no. 2 file by it with
ROC
Amount claimed to be paid
by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd as
per form no. 2 filed under
IDS declaration
Sangam Distributors Pvt Ltd. Rs. 20,00,000/- Rs. 10,00,000/-
Fountain Commerce Pvt Ltd Rs. 25,00,000/- NIL
Panorama Commercial Pvt
Ltd.
NIL Rs. 25,00,000/-
Sanskar Distributors Pvt Ltd. Rs. 10,00,000/- Rs. 20,00,000/-
6. The reasons supplied by the AO further noted that he had completed the
assessment in the case of Pradeep Birewar group and that a search took place in
respect of that group along with various individuals who had obtained
accommodation entries of long term capital gains (LTCG) in the shares of Ganesh
Spinners Ltd. from Shirish Chandrakant Shah. It was found that Pradeep Birewar
was an Ahmedabad based accommodation entry provider engaged in facilitating
one-time accommodation entries to various clients. The “reasons to believe”
further noted that the materials seized, including the books of Shirish
Chandrakant Shah contained date wise details of cash receipts and
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accommodation entries paid. On a consideration of all those materials, it was
found that cash credit of ₹ 70.01 crores was received by Shirish Chandrakant
Shah for the period 11.02.2010 to 29.07.2011.
7. The AO also recorded as follows:
“2 Further, this office has also completed assessment in the cases
of Pradeep Birewar group. A search action in the case of Pradeep
Birewar was carried out along with various individuals who had
obtained accommodation entries of Long-Term Capital Gains
(LTCG) in the shares of Shri Ganesh Spinners Limited (now known
as Yantra Natural Resources Limited) from Shirish Chandrakant
Shah (SCS) through Pradip Birewar. Pradip Birewar is an
Ahmedabad based accommodation entry provider who is facilitating
one time and other accommodation entries including LTCG entries
to various clients on receipt of cash. He is facilitating these entries
through bigger accommodation entry providers i.e Shirish Chandra
Shah. During the course of search at office premises of SCS ON
09.04.2013 situated at "Dwarka Ashish Building", Jambulwadi,
Kalbadevi Road Mumbai, MS excel sheet "pradeep abad" in the
excel file "ac1.xls" located at path 5/pen drive back up/Removable
Disk folder named "Bips backup 14.02.12 was found and seized m
the computer (Rajen Computer) in that office in form of computerbackup. The said sheet is in the nature of account of "Pradip
Birewar" in the books of SCS which contains the date-wise details
of cash received and accommodation entries paid there against. On
perusal of the said sheet, it has been found that cash aggregating to
Rs.70.01 crores has been received by SCS from/through Pradip
Birewar during the period 11.02.2010 to 29.07.2011.
2.1 The entries of cash received as recorded by SCS in the
evidence seized/impounded during the course of survey at his office
have been corroborated with the entries recorded by Shri Pradeep
Birewar in Annexure A-5, A-6 and A-7 seized from the residence of
Shri Pradeep Birewar during the course of search conducted in his
case on 04.12 2014. When data seized in different searches 'at
premises of SCS & Pradeep Birewar were correlated with data of
return of assessee filed for AY 2011-12 in which year assesseecompany had receive One Time (OT) entry. Hence, this facts
indicate that assessee company has been introducing its
unaccounted receipt/income through accommodation entries.
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2.2 It is also noticed that assessee company had received credit
amount in its books but has failed to establish that the cash declared
by Garg logistics Pvt Ltd under Income Declaration scheme was not
actually the cash of the assessee-company. Assessee had only
submitted Income Declaration Form no.2 of Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd
and failed to provide documentary evidence of investment of cash
declared by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd in the assessee company. Even
the list submitted by assessee had discrepancies with data submitted
to registrar of companies as discussed in above para. In other
words, the assessee has not been able to establish that the income
admitted under IDS 2016 by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd. went in the
books of investor companies. It is worth to highlight that Investor
companies are independent paper companies and they have
provided entries independently and not through Garg Logistics Pvt
Ltd.
2.3 Thus the claim of the assessee company that Cash declared by
Garg Logistics was utilized to make investment in assessee company
through paper companies remains unexplained. Besides, in the case
of Trinetra Commerce & Trade(P) Ltd in
[2016]75 taxmann.com 70(Calcutta) it was seen that assesseecompany had received share capital from persons/entities whose
identity, creditworthiness etc were not established. Addition u/s 68
was made been made in hands of assessee-company. Subsequent,
one person K disclosed such amount before Settlement Commission
as his undisclosed income. Based upon such admittance by 'K', in
case of assessee company ITAT had deleted the addition u/s 68
holding that it would amount to double addition. However, Hon'ble
High Court held that addition in hands of both K & assesseecompany are justified since both are different persons subject to
different causes of action u/s 69 & 68 respectively.
3. Based on the facts discussed above, it is to be derived that
credit received by assessee as Share premium & Share capital is not
genuine but mere accommodation entry used to avoid tax payment
and it is the undisclosed income of the assessee-company itself. On
verification of return income & Audit report filed by assessee, it is
noticed that assessee had received Rs. 6,25,00,000/- as share
premium & Share capital during FY 2009-10 from various
persons/companies. It is noticed that assesssee had shown total
income of Rs. 7,94,675/- only and
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not offered the amount of Rs. 62500000/- as income to suppress
taxable income and to avoid tax payment and hence it is to be
concluded that assessee had understated his income to the extent of
Rs. 62500000/-. Hence the amount of Rs. 62500000/-being
accommodation entry in form of share capital & share premium
remained untaxed and escaped assessment and the failure is on the
part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts
necessary for its assessment, for the assessment year 2010-11.”
8. The assessee objected to the re-opening notice by letter dated 29.8.2017.
The objections were rejected by the AO by an order dated 30.10.2017. Aggrieved,
the assessee approached the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution,
impugning the revenue’s action in seeking to re-open the assessment. The
revenue resisted the challenge, and justified the re-opening (of assessment)
notice.
9. The High Court, by the impugned judgment, was of the opinion that the
AO had no information to conclude that the disclosure by Garg Logistics was not
from funds of that declarant but was in fact the unaccounted income of the
assessee. The impugned order reasoned that the AO, after recounting the
background history of the assessee and background of M.R. Logistics, shifted the
burden on assessee to say that the share application money received by it was not
its unaccounted income. This, according to the High Court, was erroneous. The
impugned judgment was of the opinion that there was no tangible material or
reason for the AO to reopen the assessment. The High Court also considered the
scheme of Section 183 of the Finance Act, 2016 and noted that immunity was
given in respect of amounts declared and brought to tax in terms of such a scheme.
Therefore, the AO could not have relied upon the declaration made by the Garg
Logistics to so conclude. The High Court also derived strength from the circular
of the CBDT dated 01.09.2016, especially, the answer to Query no.10.
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Contentions of parties
10. It was argued on behalf of the revenue by the Additional Solicitor General
(ASG) for India, Mr. N. Venkataraman, that the impugned judgment cannot be
sustained as there was tangible material justifying the reopening of assessment in
the circumstances of the case. It was pointed out that the AO traced the history of
the assessee company, its close association with Pradeep Birewar, one time
accommodation entry received by the assessee which was discovered in the
course of search in the case of Shirish Chandrakant Shah as well as Pradeep
Birewar and the transaction of routing its income as investment in bogus share
capital. It was urged that the mere circumstance that Garg Logistics declared the
amount of ₹ 6.36 crores as undisclosed income per se could not be an explanation
to induce the AO to drop reassessment notice.
11. The revenue pointed out that in fact Garg Logistics Pvt. Ltd. had not
invested any amount towards share application money; the claim of the assessee
was that the companies which had invested in it were all fronts of Garg Logistics
P Ltd, which had in turn declared the amounts as undisclosed income under IDS
2016. It was submitted further that the formation of belief by the AO was not on
the basis of the declaration of Garg Logistics but rather information culled out
through the search/seizure action, survey and search proceedings in the case of
common entry provided through Shirish Chandrakant Shah.
12. The learned ASG submitted that the assessee company was not able to link
the income disclosed under the IDS 2016 by Garg Logistics with the investment
by the companies who had applied for shares in the assessee. Learned counsel
submitted that the investor companies were independent – paper fronts which had
provided entries. Learned counsel submitted that the High Court erroneously
concluded that the reassessment was based upon the IDS declaration of Garg
Logistics. In fact, the disclosure was voluntarily provided by the assessee’s
chairman during the search by a statement under Section 132(4).
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13. It was pointed out that the AO’s opinion has to be based upon some
objective material on the record as to constitute tangible material. The sufficiency
of that material would ordinarily not be scrutinized by the courts in exercise of
judicial review. It was submitted lastly that on perusal of the circular of CBDT
dated 01.09.2016, particularly, the answer to the queries are not relevant in the
facts and circumstances of the case.
14. Learned senior counsel for the assessee, Mr. Guru Krishnakumar, urged
that information of share investment of ₹ 6.25 crores by Garg Logistics made
through different companies, but owned by it, was made in its declaration in the
IDS. This information was not furnished to the AO and he could not, therefore,
have legitimately concluded that such investment was not from the funds of Garg
Logistics but was in fact assessee’s unaccounted income. The AO’s approach was
contrary to the law in as much as in the very first instance, he sought to place the
burden upon the assessee to prove that it was not in fact routing back its own cash
through the investments made by the companies – which Garg Logistics (P) Ltd
owned up to be unaccounted income in its declaration.
15. It was argued, the reasons recorded that the assessee had received ₹ 6.25
crores as share premium and share capital during FY 2009-10 from various
persons/ companies being accommodation entry providers which was untaxed
and escaped assessment and that there was failure on the part of the assessee to
disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its AY 2010-2011, are not
valid and are bad in law and facts of the present case. The foundation of the
“reasonsto believe” in this case lacks validity and is beyond the scheme and scope
of Section 147 and 148 of the Act and IDS.
16. It was argued, that revenue reopened the assessment casually on selfcontradictory grounds and the re-opening is impermissible as there is no valid
"reason to believe” that the assessee’s income escaped assessment. Reliance is
9
placed on Commissioner of Income Tax v. Rajesh Jhaveri Stock Broker Ltd.2
and
the High Court also categorically observed that the reason so recorded lacks
validity and conclusions are made on surmises and conjectures which are not
permissible under the law and not backed by any material on record.
17. It was argued, the fact that the assessment was originally done under
Section 143(1) is not decisive in determining the validity of the impugned
reopening. The High Court was conscious of the legal position in this regard so
much so that it noted that, the return filed by the assessee was accepted without
scrutiny and therefore, the principle of change of opinion preventing the AO from
reopening the assessment would have no applicability. It was further urged that
the discrepancies noticed by the AO were duly explained in the assessee’s
objections and do not have any effect on quantification of escapement of
income/share capital for value of ₹ 6.25 crores. It was lastly urged that no
incriminating/tangible material was available to reopen assessment and there was
no establishment of any nexus or link connecting the source of the investment to
the assessee; the reassessment was opened solely on the basis of misconceived
theories by the revenue. The record makes it obvious that the amount has already
been declared by Garg Logistics and full tax has been paid with penalty as per the
scheme. Therefore, reassessment of this amount would lead to double taxation,
which is contrary to the scheme of the Act itself.
Analysis and conclusions
18. Section 147 of the Act authorizes the re-opening of any assessment of a
previous year3
. Section 148, which contains the conditions for re-opening
2 2007 (7) SCR765
3
“147. Income escaping assessment
“If any income chargeable to tax, in the case of an assessee, has escaped assessment for any assessment
year, the Assessing Officer may, subject to the provisions of sections 148 to 153, assess or reassess such
income or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance or any other allowance or deduction for such
assessment year (hereafter in this section and in sections 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment
year).
Explanation.--For the purposes of assessment or reassessment or recomputation under this
section, the Assessing Officer may assess or reassess the income in respect of any issue, which has escaped
10
assessments, including the limitation period within which notices can be issued,
by its proviso, enacts that:
“Provided that no notice under this section shall be issued unless
there is information with the Assessing Officer which suggests that
the income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment in the case of
the assessee for the relevant assessment year and the Assessing
Officer has obtained prior approval of the specified authority to
issue such notice.”
19. Long ago, in its decision reported as Calcutta Discount Company Ltd v
Income Tax officer4
this court had underscored the obligation of every assessee
to make a true and full disclosure and said that:
“There can be no doubt that the duty of disclosing all the primary
facts relevant to the decision of the question before the assessing
authority lies on the assesses.”
The court further held that once the duty is discharged, it is upto the assessing
officer to inquire further and draw the necessary inferences while completing the
assessment.
20. As to what can be the valid grounds for re-opening an assessment has been
the subject matter of several decisions of this court. In Income Tax Officer,
Calcutta & Ors. vs. Lakhmani Mewal Das5
this court held that the “reasons to
believe” must be based on objective materials, and on a reasonable view. The
court held as follows:
“The grounds or reasons which lead to the formation of the belief
contemplated by Section 147(a) of the Act must have a material
bearing on the question of escapement of income of the assessee
from assessment because of his failure or omission to disclose fully
and truly all material facts. Once there exist reasonable grounds for
assessment, and such issue comes to his notice subsequently in the course of the proceedings under this
section, irrespective of the fact that the provisions of section 148A have not been complied with.”
4 1961 (2) SCR 241
5 1976 (3) SCR 956
11
the Income-tax Officer to form the above belief, that would be
sufficient to clothe him with jurisdiction to issue notice. Whether the
grounds are adequate or not is not a matter for the Court to
investigate. The sufficiency of grounds which induce the income-tax
Officer to act is, therefore, not a justiciable issue. It is, of course,
open to the assessee to contend that the Income-tax Officer did not
hold the belief that there had been such non-disclosure. The
existence of the belief can be challenged by the assessee but not the
sufficiency of reasons for the belief. The expression "reason to
believe" does not mean a purely subjective satisfaction on the part
of the Income-tax Officer. The reason must be held in good faith. It
cannot be merely a pretence. It is open to the Court to examine
whether the reasons for the formation of the belief have a rational
connection with or a relevant bearing on the formation of the belief
and are not extraneous or irrelevant for the purpose of the section.
To this limited extent, the action of the Income-tax Officer in starting
proceedings in respect of income escaping assessment is open to
challenge in a Court of law.”
21. In Phool Chand Bajrang Lal & Ors. vs. Income Tax Officer & Ors6
, after
reviewing the previous case law, and concluding that a valid re-opening is one,
preceded by specific, reliable and relevant information, and that the sufficiency
of such reasons is not subject to judicial review- the only caveat being that the
court can examine the record, if such material existed, it was held that the facts
disclosed in the return, if found later to be unfounded or false, can always be the
basis of a re-opening of assessment:
“appears to us to be, to ensure that a party cannot get away by
wilfully making a false or untrue statement at the time of original
assessment and when that falsity comes to notice, to turn around and
say "you accepted my lie, now your hands are tied and you can do
nothing". It would be travesty of justice to allow the assessee that
latitude.”
6 1993 Supp (1) SCR 28
12
22. A three judge Bench, of this court, in Commissioner of Income Tax, Delhi
v. Kelvinator of India Ltd7
after considering the previous decisions, re-stated the
correct position as follows:
“5....where the Assessing Officer has reason to believe that income
has escaped assessment, confers jurisdiction to re-open the
assessment. Therefore, post-1st April, 1989, power to re-open is
much wider. However, one needs to give a schematic interpretation
to the words "reason to believe".....
Section 147 would give arbitrary powers to the Assessing Officer to
re-open assessments on the basis of "mere change of opinion", which
cannot be per se reason to re-open.
6. We must also keep in mind the conceptual difference between
power to review and power to re-assess. The Assessing Officer has
no power to review; he has the power to re-assess. But re-assessment
has to be based on fulfillment of certain pre-condition and if the
concept of "change of opinion" is removed, as contended on behalf
of the Department, then, in the garb of re-opening the assessment,
review would take place.
7. One must treat the concept of "change of opinion" as an in-built
test to check abuse of power by the Assessing Officer. Hence, after
1st April, 1989, Assessing Officer has power to re-open, provided
there is "tangible material" to come to the conclusion that there is
escapement of income from assessment. Reasons must have a live
link with the formation of the belief.”
23. It is therefore, clear that the basis for a valid re-opening of assessment
should be availability of tangible material, which can lead the AO to scrutinize
the returns for the previous assessment year in question, to determine, whether a
notice under Section 147 is called for. In the present case, the basis for reopening
of assessment was not that Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd had declared ₹ 6,36,00,000/-
as undisclosed cash utilized for investment in the assessee’s share capital. The
assessee’s contention that reopening was done based on the disclosure made by
Garg Logistics is therefore, not correct.
7 2010 (1) SCR 768
13
24. It may also be noticed that the original assessment was not completed after
scrutiny, but was under Section 143 (1) of the Act. The status of such assessment
– if one may so term it, is essentially weak. As was explained in Rajesh Jhaveri
(f.n.1, cited by the assessee):
“the intimation Under Section 143(1)(a) cannot be treated to be an
order of assessment. The distinction is also well brought out by the
statutory provisions as they stood at different points of time. Under
Section 143(1)(a) as it stood prior to April 1, 1989, the Assessing
Officer had to pass an assessment order if he decided to accept the
return, but under the amended provision, the requirement of passing
of an assessment order has been dispensed with and instead an
intimation is required to be sent. Various circulars sent by the
Central Board of Direct Taxes spell out the intent of the Legislature,
i.e., to minimize the Departmental work to scrutinize each and every
return and to concentrate on selective scrutiny of returns.”8
Thus, in the present case, the returns filed by the assessee were not examined, or
scrutinized; only an intimation that it was filed, was issued by the AO.
25. The “reasons to believe” forming part of the Section 147- in this case,
clearly point to the fact that the reopening of assessment was based on
information accessible by the AO that a substantial amount of unaccounted
income of promoters/directors was introduced in the closely held companies of
the assessee group through Shirish Chandrakant Shah, alleged to be a Mumbai
based accommodation entry provider- through Pradeep Birewar, another
accommodation entry provider based at Ahmedabad. During the course of search
at the office premise of Shirish Chandrakant Shah (on 09.04.2013 at Mumbai)
apparently, an MS Excel sheet "pradeep abad" in the Excel file "ac1.xls" in a pendrive, backed up from a removable disc folder (called "Bips backup 14.02.2012)
was seized from the computer in that office in form of computer back up. The
AO, in the reasons recorded with the re-assessment notice stated that a
8 Followed in Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax v Zuari Estate Development and Investment Company Ltd
2015 (15) SCC 248
14
comparison of data of accommodation entry provided by Shirish Chandrakant
Shah through various companies controlled and managed by him and found from
his office premise with the return of income of the assessee (for AY 2011-12)
revealed that the latter (i.e. the assessee) had availed one time accommodation
entry from various companies controlled and managed by Shirish Chandrakant
Shah. The AO also noticed that the assessee had not proved credit worthiness of
various share applicants, who invested amounts with high premium, in the
assessee company during AY 2010-11 nor shown genuineness of such
transactions.
26. This court further notices that that the record also reveals that Garg
Logistics Pvt. Ltd had not invested ₹ 6,36,00,000/- in the assessee company
during the relevant period. The record bears out that the following entities
invested in the assessee:
Sl. No. Name of the Allottees Companies Amount of Investment
1. Amar Commercial Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 1,40,00,000/-
2. Fountain Commerce Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 25,00,000/-
3. Ganga Marketing Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 20,00,000/-
4. Gurukul Vinayak Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 80,00,000/-
5. Heaven Mercantile Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 1,00,00,000/-
6. Neelkamal Trade Link Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 1,50,00,000/-
7. Red Hot Mercantile Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 80,00,000/-
8. Sanskar Distributors Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 10,00,000/-
9. Sangam Distributors Pvt. Ltd. ₹ 20,00,000/-
Total ₹ 6,25,00,000/-
27. The details of income declaration by Garg Logistics under the IDS scheme
was submitted by Pravin. P. Agrawal (the assessee’s chairman) in support of its
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claim of genuineness of receipt of share capital. However, as noticed earlier, the
basis for reopening the assessment in this case was the information from the
material seized during search in cases of Shrish Chandrakant Shah and
correlation with return of income of the assessee. Further, there was no scrutiny
assessment done at the original assessment stage.
28. As a matter of fact, M/s Garg Logistics filed its IDS application with a
different Commissionerate9 which did not share information with the AO in the
present case; he did not also call for any such information. Pravin Chandra
Agrawal, the chairman of the assessee (M.R. Shah group) was queried with regard
to the capital raised with high premium during a search, and post search inquiry.
He submitted details of the IDS declaration by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd to say that
the amounts received toward share applications were genuine transactions.
Clearly, in the present case, the High Court went wrong in holding that the
department had shared confidential IDS information of Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd.
The AO utilized the material submitted by Pravin. P. Agrawal (the assessee’s
chairman) and correlated it with the ROC data filed by the assessee. Further, it is
also apparent, that the AO’s “reasons to believe” do not disclose any inquiry made
in relation to Garg Logistic Pvt Ltd’s account or declaration.
29. Another aspect which should not be lost sight of is that the information or
“tangible material” which the assessing officer comes by enabling re-opening of
an assessment, means that the entire assessment (for the concerned year) is at
large; the revenue would then get to examine the returns for the previous year, on
a clean slate – as it were. Therefore, to hold- as the High Court did, in this case,
that since the assessee may have a reasonable explanation, is not a ground for
quashing a notice under Section 147. As long as there is objective tangible
9 Pr. CIT-2, Ahmedabad
16
material (in the form of documents, relevant to the issue) the sufficiency of that
material cannot dictate the validity of the notice.
30. That brings the court to the scope and effect of the Income Declaration
Scheme (IDS), introduced by Chapter IX of the Finance Act, 2016. The objective
of its provisions was to enable an assessee to declare her (or his) suppressed
undisclosed income or properties acquired through such income. It is based on
voluntary disclosure of untaxed income and the assessee’s acknowledging
income tax liability. This disclosure is through a declaration (Section 183) to the
Principal Commissioner of Income Tax within a time period, and deposit the
prescribed amount towards income tax and other stipulated amounts, including
penalty. Section 192 grants limited immunity to declarants, and states as follows:
“192. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the
time being in force, nothing contained in any declaration made
under section 183 shall be admissible in evidence against the
declarant for the purpose of any proceeding relating to imposition
of penalty, other than the penalty leviable under section 185, or for
the purposes of prosecution under the Income-tax Act or the Wealthtax Act, 1957.”
31. As noticed previously the declarant was Garg Logistic Pvt Ltd and not the
assessee. Facially, Section 192 affords immunity to the declarant: “...nothing
contained in any declaration made under section 183 shall be admissible in
evidence against the declarant for the purpose of any proceeding relating to
imposition of penalty…” Therefore, the protection given, is to the declarant, and
for a limited purpose. However, the High Court proceeded on the footing that
such protection would bar the revenue from scrutinizing the assessee’s return,
absolutely. Quite apart from the fact that the re-opening of assessment was not
based on Garg Logistic’s declaration, the fact that such an entity owned up and
paid tax and penalty on amounts which it claimed, were invested by it as share
applicant, (though the share applicants were other companies and entities) to the
assessee in the present case, cannot – by any rule or principle inure to the
17
assessee’s advantage. In similar circumstances, dealing with another scheme (the
Kar Vivad Samadhan Scheme 1988, a previous tax amnesty scheme) this court
had, in State, CBI vs. Sashi Balasubramanian & Ors10 held as follows:
“an immunity is granted only in respect of offences purported to have
been committed under direct tax enactment or indirect tax enactment,
but by no stretch of imagination, the same would be granted in
respect of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act. A person
may commit several offences under different Acts; immunity granted
in relation to one Act would not mean that immunity granted would
automatically extend to others. By way of example, we may notice
that a person may be prosecuted for commission of an offence in
relation to property under the Indian Penal Code as also under
another Act, say for example, the Prevention of Corruption Act.
Whereas charges under the Prevention of Corruption Act may fail,
no sanction having been accorded therefore, the charges under the
Penal Code would not.”
32. In Tanna & Modi v Commissioner of Income Tax, Mumbai XXV & Ors11
also, this court held, similarly that immunity granted for one purpose, cannot be
extended for another:
“20. It may be necessary for the aforementioned purpose to bear in
mind that the immunity granted pursuant to acceptance of a
declaration made under the voluntary taxation scheme or Kar Vivad
Samadhan Scheme, 1998 does not lead to a total immunity.
Immunity granted under the Scheme has its own limitations. The
Scheme must be applied only in the event the conditions precedent
laid down therefore are applicable. See State, CBI v. Sashi
Balasubramanian and Anr.[2007]289ITR8(SC) and Alpesh
Navinchandra Shah v. State of Maharashtra and Ors. 2007 (3) SCR
223
21. A raid was conducted in the premises of the firm. Search warrant
might have been issued in the name of a partner of the firm. The
partner made certain statements. The search revealed some
undisclosed income. The firm has a separate legal entity, it could
have made a declaration, but it was done in respect of the same
amount regarding the partner of the firm made disclosures. What
10 2006 Supp (8) SCR 914
11 2007 (8) SCR 233
18
would be the effect of his subsequent retraction is not a matter which
we are required to deal with herein. It is one thing to say that when
a firm has concealed income, each partner need not make a
declaration but it would be another thing to say that when a search
has been made on the premises of the firm and the books of accounts
of the firm are inspected, on the strength of a search warrant issued
in the name of one of the partners thereof, a declaration can be made
by the firm so as to cover the loopholes. In a case where Sub-section
(2) of Section 64 is applied, Sub-section (1) thereof would not apply
inasmuch as it starts with the term "nothing contained" in Subsection (1) shall apply in relation to. What are the conditions which
would make Sub-section (1) of Section 64 inapplicable is the income
assessable for any assessment year for which a notice under Section
142 or 148 of the Income Tax Act has been served upon such person
and the return has not been furnished before commencement of the
Scheme and upon strict construction, it is possible to argue that the
word "such person" must relate to that declaring which being a firm
would not include within its purview its partners. But, in a case of
this nature where fraud is alleged, we cannot be oblivious of the fact
that each firm acts through its partner. A firm is the conglomeration
of its partners, and is not a juristic person. In the instant case, the
purported disclosure made by the firm relates to the same amount
which has been disclosed by the partner. Even the source of income
was found to be the same. As the income of a firm vis-a-vis its
partners have a direct co-relation, in our opinion, while construing
a statute granting immunity, it should not be construed in such a
manner so as to frustrate its object.”
33. In an earlier decision, Tekchand & Ors. vs. Competent Authority12 it was
similarly held that immunity granted by a tax amnesty scheme in respect of
liabilities under some enactments, did not afford protection against action under
other enactments or laws:
“13. So far as the contention based upon Sections 11 and 16 of
Voluntary Disclosure Act is concerned we have already pointed out,
while setting out the said provisions that the immunity conferred
thereunder is of a limited character and that it is not an absolute or
universal immunity. The immunity cannot be extended beyond the
confines specified by the said provisions. There is also no reason to
12 1993 (2) SCR 864
19
presume that the Parliament intended to extend any immunity to
smugglers and manipulators of foreign exchange who are proceeded
against under enactments other than those mentioned in Sections 11
and 16 of the Voluntary Disclosure Act. So far as the argument that
the authorities under the Act have not properly considered the
explanation offered by the appellants and the material produced by
them, we must say that we are unable to agree with the same.”
34. This court is, therefore, of the opinion that the High Court fell into error,
in holding that the sequitur to a declaration under the IDS can lead to immunity
(from taxation) in the hands of a non-declarant.
35. In view of the foregoing reasons, the impugned judgment is hereby set
aside. The AO is at liberty to take steps to complete the re-assessment. The
revenue’s appeal is allowed in these terms, without order on costs.
.......................................................J
[UDAY UMESH LALIT]
.......................................................J
 [S. RAVINDRA BHAT]
New Delhi,
March 28, 2022.

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